Literature Review on Autism Spectrum Disorders - 3442 Words

Literature Review: Autism Spectrum Disorders: What is Autism, how is it caused, and how can it be treated? The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Crystal Waynick April 3, 2012 Abstract Autism has become an increasing subject of interest, especially to researchers and medical professionals. This increase in interest is most likely due to the fact that autism is becoming an increasing problem in children, with the number of diagnoses doubling in just a four year period. In order to discover what may cause this disorder as well as finding effective ways to treat it, people must be informed and knowledgeable about autism. The current study discusses what ASD is, symptoms of this disorder,†¦show more content†¦Children with autism also suffer from several communication issues, such as failing or being slow to respond to verbal attempts to get their attention, developing language at a slower pace than others, repeating words or phrases that they hear, and using words that are strange or out of place, that do not really make sense to people other than the child and those close to the child whom are familiar with the child s communication style. The last important symptom seen in children with ASD is repetitive and stereotyped behavior. Many children with ASD tend to have odd, repetitive actions and behaviors that may be referred to as stereotyped behaviors. An example of a stereotyped behavior might be a simple gesture of the arm that is repeatedly done by the child. Children with autism often have one subject or interest that they tend to overly focus on. They tend to become obsessed with one particular subject, and will learn everything they can about the subject of interest. Because autistic children seem to display several repetitive behaviors and thoughts, a set routine is usually the best environment for a child with ASD (NIMH, 2011). While there have been many theories and suggestions of what may cause autism spectrum disorders, there is not one particular known cause of these disorders. A great deal of research has been done to examine possible causes of and risk factors for this disorder. Recently, there has been research on the hypothesesShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review. Autism Overview. Autism Spectrum Disorder1496 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Autism Overview Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a widely known disability that, as of 2012, affects about 1 in 68 of children in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). The exact cause of the disability is unknown, however individuals with ASD exhibit some common characteristics. â€Å"Autism belongs to heterogeneous categories of developmental disabilities where neurological disorders lead to deficits in a child’s ability to communicate, understandRead MoreChapter II: Review of Literature Autism Spectrum Disorder is a general term for a lifelong1100 Words   |  5 PagesChapter II: Review of Literature Autism Spectrum Disorder is a general term for a lifelong developmental disorder which can cause challenges in social interactions, behavior, and communication. Disorders that fall under this umbrella that is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) include: autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and Asperger syndrome. It is estimated that over two million people in the U.S. are affected by ASD. One in every 68 children hasRead MoreTreatment Options Used for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder1440 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a neurodevelopmental disorder that is capable of weakening communication, behavior and socialization. The term ASD includes three major subtypes which is Autism Spectrum Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Asperger’s Disorder. About 9.0 in 1000 children have ASD and certain types of autism might not be identified until three years of life. The probability of boys being diagnosed is higher compared to girls (Bravaccio et al. 2013)Read MoreGender Differences In Autism Spectrum Disorder980 Words   |  4 PagesHW: Meta-Analysis- Investigating the genetic and prognostic Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Introduction: While Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) has been researched extensively, the role of gender in this disease is still poorly understood. With a 4:1 gender distribution in the diagnosis of ASD, many research studies have attempted to explain this difference (Fombonne,2009). Current research has theorized a bout various different etiologies for this gender discrepancy, such as a femaleRead MoreThe Effects Of Autism On Children With Autism857 Words   |  4 PagesOutcome-focused research shows that only 25% of people with Autism are employed. This statistic is especially concerning, when the generally high academic and creative ability of many adults with Autism is considered. This review evaluates three categories of parental factors, demographic, psychological, and behavioral, to determine what effect, if any, they may have on the work participation outcomes for adults diagnosed with Autism. Using studies of various methodologies and populations, only oneRead MoreE1 Critical Evaluation And Evaluation896 Words   |  4 Pagessources on Google search through using broad search terms such as ‘Autism Spectrum Disorder’ and ‘Social Skills in Autism Spectrum Disorder’. The research process of literature review established that there were various sources that were relevant to my question. However, this introduced a challenge as several of these sources were not credible and or valid and as a consequence led to my weakest sources. Even though the literature reviews conducted were resourceful and appropriate, the use of governmentRead MoreThe Importance Of Music For This Group Of Pupils814 Words   |  4 PagesMoreover, it is a naturalistic and qualitative study, which comprises of two sets of data, observation notes and interview questions. The participants were five teachers of students with autism in special primary schools in the area of Bristol, in the UK. Ethical considerations were taken into account before collecting the data by ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the participants through a consent form that was granted to the participants, while it was made clear that they could withdrawRead MoreBenefits Of Music Therapy On Children Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesMusic Therapy in Autistic children Benefits of Music Therapy in Autistic children Literature Review Zuleima Haskins â€Æ' Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of conditions of the brain development. (Vries, 2015). The main characteristic of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is that they have difficulties to adapt and interact with other people. Also, individuals with Autism have problems with their development of verbal and nonverbal communication. They showRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Various Databases Used For Academic Journals And Books1061 Words   |  5 PagesSeveral databases were used for this review. Sources primarily came from EBSCO, which included Academic Search Complete, Education Full Text, OmniFile Full Text Mega, General Science Full Text, EBSCO Professional Development Collection, and Social Sciences Full-Text databases. In addition, the EBSCO eBook Collection and the EBSCO ebrary collection for full-text books were utilized. Other databases used for this review include Google Scholar and ERIC. The search was narrowed by limiting sources toRead MoreExploring W ays of Conceptualizing ASD in Africa1439 Words   |  6 Pagesmental disorder, but really is that enough to become a revolutionary universal tool? Table of Contents Chapter 1: INTRODUTION 1 Background of the research 1 Aims and objectives of the research 4 Research Methodology 5 CHAPTER 2: 7 DIAGNOSTIC STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS 7 The History and revisions of the DSM 8 DSM-I (1952) 8 DSM-II (1968), (1974) 9 DSM-III (1980), DSM-III-R (1987) 9 DSM-IV (1994), DSM-IV-TR (2000), 10 DSM-5 (2013); Perspective of ASD ‘Neuro-developmental Disorders’ and

Strategies by Apple for Successful Change Free Essays

Apple’s CEO Steve Jobs recently described apple as a mobile device company. Apple once considered a desktop computer company is slowly moving towards mobile devices. This statement shows how apple’s strategy has changed significantly in past few years. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies by Apple for Successful Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now Challenges faced in the past – The major challenge Apple faced in the past was the isolation it has created from other products and companies in the market. Apple users had very limited options. The other challenge faced by the Apple was the compatibility of its product with the other products available in the market. Core Competency – Apple’s core competency is to provide exceptional experience through superb user interface. Apple provide this experience along with very large ecosystem of various online distribution system (App stores) where user can find almost every application they need. Strategy – Apple’s strategy is to provide superior product in the market through innovation. Apple also charges premium price for these product and keeps high margins. Strategy Execution – Moving towards mobile products -Apple identified the customer behavior of moving away from desktop computers towards mobile products at the very early stage. Apple realized it much earlier then any other computer manufacture or software company. In last few years Apple created two superior mobile products, iPhone and iPad. iPhone was superior then any other mobile phone product in the market and because of that Apple captured the big percentage of smartphone market. iPad had the first mover advantage in the market backed by superb marketing of the product and created a new market space for product. Ecosystem Creation – Apple also created a very effective ecosystem of apps store for their products. This ecosystem gave Apple more acceptances in the market and among the customers. Apple also created the ecosystem for developers to develop the application for their products, which help them to get continuous supply of very good application for their products. High Margins – Apple charge premium price for its products and makes big profits since manufacturing cost is considerable low once product is designed and developed. Apple also charges a big percentage of the data plan price from the mobile service provider and big percentage from apps store application and it is another big source of profits for them. Also by managing and keeping tight control on these distribution channels, Apple dictates the terms to their suppliers. Timing for implementation – Apple’s timing of the implementation in last few years has been very good. They understood the need of the customers in the market in advance and developed the products to meet that need much in advance then any other competitors. How to cite Strategies by Apple for Successful Change, Papers

Constantin Stanislavski was a Russian businessman Essay Example For Students

Constantin Stanislavski was a Russian businessman Essay Constantin Stanislavski was a Russian businessman that changed his career path to become a director due to his fondness of theatre and the arts. He founded the Moscow Arts Theatre with his partner Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko. Stanislavski initiated the Stanislavski System of acting, which was spread around the world by his students and interpreted and developed by others like Lee Strasberg. The goal of Constantin Stanislavski’s system was to take an audience into a different world that will make everything they see or hear believable no matter what, unlike Brecht his method was to connect with the audience emotionally, physically and spiritually. The method requires that an actor utilize, among other things, his emotional memory (i.e., his recall of past experiences and emotions). The actor’s entrance onto the stage is considered to be not a beginning of the action or of his life as the character but a continuation of the set of preceding circumstances. The actor has trained his concentration and his senses so that he may respond freely to the total stage environment. Through empathic observation of people in many different situations, he attempts to develop a wide emotional range so that his onstage actions and reactions appear as if they were a part of the real world rather than a make-believe one. In order for an actor to make his role believable the actor would use a method or various methods from Stanislavski’s system to create his own flashback that would lead him to fully absorb the role that he is going to perform and to do that effectively the actor must take the dramatic techniques into consideration and pay extra attention to them such as posture, voice and body language. For this research I will be looking at the character Kipps in The Woman in Black by Susan Hill and I will focus on how an actor playing this role, will use Stanislavski’s method in order to portray the characters characteristics and personality effectively. The Woman in Black is a 1983 horror novella that was adapted by Stephen Mallatratt in 1987. In the adapted version Kipps persuades an Actor to help him tell his story, hoping that if he acts it out and relives it, it’ll help him move on. The actor plays the part of Young Kipps while Kipps plays various roles of people he met. Arthur Kipps is a man lost in his memories and can’t settle down for anything because the past is haunting him he is a mature and complex role with many emotions and his role isn’t merely just an excuse to scare the audience, but actually a character that has a real relationship with the things he loves. His character has changed him from a modern man that doesn’t believe in superstitious things to a cautious man that sends off a coward vibe, although he has survived one of the most traumatizing incidents ever. In the play the audience witnesses Kipp’s emotional breakdown as he slowly starts to figure out the story of El Marsh House. (Quote) (Methods) The Techniques: Before starting to prepare for the role of Kipps the actor should understand that there is no such thing as actuality on stage, but only imagination, which is an art every dramatist should master. The aim of the actor in this play is to use these techniques and turn this play into a theatrical reality. All of Stanislavski’s techniques require the actor to call upon his imagination, and the more the imagination is fertile, the more interesting the actor’s choices would be in terms of the physical action, and creating the character. Breast cancer EssayThat would bring us to emotional memory, which would be a very good technique to use once Kipps reaches the stage of horror. Emotional memory requires the actor to recreate an event from the distant past in his mind in order to regenerate the â€Å"feelings† of that memory and incident that was experienced at the time. Emphasis on distant because â€Å"Stanislavski felt (at that time) that time distilled events and feelings, acting as a ‘splendid filter for remembered things.’ Stanislavski believed that the quality of an actor’s performance depended upon the sincerity of his experience. This sincere experience went through a ‘time filter’ that transformed the quality of the experience into a ‘poetic reflection of life’s experience.’† The actor should consider the stage his home, where he lives, not a real life but a true stage experience, which means the actor should be comfortable with his role a nd the stage space. Conclusion: In conclusion, in order for the actor to prepare for the role of Kipps in â€Å"The Woman in Black† the actor must make a clear link between the units and objectives of the play, a unit is a section of a scene that the actor divides up once he is discovered the units of action, and each unit contains an objective that the actor must pursue. To pursue the objectives the actor created he must follow Stanislavski’s techniques that were mentioned above, and that would result in self indulgent acting and not just communication with others on the stage. Touching upon ones subconscious could be extremely difficult, but once the actor reaches that point, follow the methods would be really easy to him, and that would lead to a believable performance and an easier delivery of the lines. But the actor should be motivated to do so, his mind and his feelings should be motivated enough to take upon a role that requires many emotions and a lot of climax that results in a change of the characters emotions. Concentration is key when it comes to Stanislavski’s techniques, and delivering them will require a lot of concentration beforehand and during the performance. But the actor shouldn’t block out the audience because Stanislavski felt that would contradict the point of theatre. Theatre is an art and blocking out its recipients would ruin the point of the performance because the audience are the co-creators of the performance.

Public Relations Campaign Strategy Newlandia Education Foundation

Executive Summary This proposal identifies NEF public relations needs and recommend that a four-month communication campaign strategy will enhance awareness opportunities for NEF. NEF enjoys poor public recognition and awareness and without proper public relations corrective measures, NEF funding and donations activities may remain poor and inadequate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public Relations Campaign Strategy: Newlandia Education Foundation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, this communication campaign strategy aims at enabling NEF increase its profile awareness among the Newlandia publics: population, industry and business sector, and private business sector. Situation analysis identifies issues NEF face, strengths and opportunities NEF possess. Recommendations are made that are perceived to be measurable, specific, and achievable for NEF. The proposed communication strategy identifies differen t publics that include Newlandia population, industry and business sector, and private business sector. The publics are further categorized based on aspects of; geography, socio-economic, cultural and language. This is done to ensure each designing and implementation of campaign messages fits well in each public. Communication strategy and tactics to be employed in this campaign are varied according to the publics identified, where also communication theories are extensively used in designing communication messages, choosing the communication strategy, and recommending the particular communication tactic. Evaluation of the entire campaign strategy incorporates both qualitative and quantitative techniques through field surveys undertaken in the third month. Therefore, it can be noted that NEF campaign strategy is premised on persuasive strategies, which are seen to be appropriate to NEF at the moment. Public relations campaign strategy: Newlandia Education Foundation Situation Analys is Educational and literacy priorities are two key elements that have been identified for socio-economic advancement of Newlandia people. One NGO in Newlandia remain pivotal to this goal and its name is Newlandia Education Foundation (NEF). NEF was established in early 1900s originally by the Newlandia Trust Hope. Missionaries were pioneer of this organization and throughout its activities; NEF does not discriminate against race, sex, religion, and economic positions of the citizens.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As its activities become pronounced in Newlandia, NEF has had to address the persistent issues of lack of enough schools in regions of Rajan, Calina and Shalel, together with compounding issues of under-resources such as inadequate books, less furniture, inadequate teaching and stationary materials. NEF resources greatly emanate from World Help agency, partly go vernment funding through community grants and donations from well-wishers. Realizing NEF goals of education and literacy for Newlandia population is not easy as numerous obstacles stand in the way. However, one source of strength for the organization is exhibited in having strong vision and mission, which function to give the organization clear direction of conducting its activities. Despite numerous hurdles, NEF today prides itself in having successfully seen one of its student beneficiary join university. It can be said that NEF’s future success of its operations rests on setting clear and achievable goals. By carrying out evaluation of its current activities and the overall operation environment, it can be said that NEF’s future success lies in having enough resources, possessing powerful image and brand, and successfully integrating key stakeholders into its activities. NEF activities can also be explained in the wider social, political, and economical aspects of N ewlandia. Newlandia remain one of socially divided regions manifested in the quality of life and living standards of its people. For example, the northern part of Newlandia boosts vast industries that act as economic heartbeat of the region (Newlandia Government n.d). Western region is largely occupied by wealth people who live affluent lives, while the southern region is inhabited by majority of poor people. Population of Newlandia also varies with some areas experiencing overpopulation while others remaining under-populated. The north region has estimated population of 250, 000 people, boost numerous industries and the capital city is Velen. The western area has 250,000 people, majority are wealthy and influential families, while main city is the Lopeto. On its part, Batak and its environs have an estimated population of 1.5 million, shipping industry is thriving, employment is high, and English is the widely spoken language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public Relations Campaign Strategy: Newlandia Education Foundation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The southern area boost a population of about 750,000 people, fishing is the main activity, majority are unemployed, uneducated, speak different dialects and have passion for education. Newlandia economy can be described to be young and emerging and it is largely boosted by international funding in terms of aids (Newlandia Government n.d). The region has tourism as the main economic activity, which also boosts GDP of Newlandia. Economic activities in Newlandia are based on free market economic preference where government plans for infrastructure have been neglected and prefer private sector to carry out these activities. Carrying out environmental scanning in which NEF operates certain elements are identified: NEF overall public awareness rate is low and many people do not know about activities of the organization (only 10% know about N EF and 1% know NEF’s vision and mission). This scenario has led the organization to receive little donations and support which in turn limit the overall operations of the organization. At the same time, government support for the organization is not enough, and further, NEF face stiff competition from NCF, which enjoys wide public awareness, support, and attention. Nevertheless, research carried out in Newlandia indicates that many Newlandians perceive education to be important and they prefer their children to have education. On overall, Newlandia boost in having numerous primary schools but secondary education remain inadequate, as resources to support secondary education are limited and inadequate. Lastly, government extensively uses English language as the official language but it is rarely spoken outside major cities. In the larger Newlandia area, fifteen languages are used and it is this aspect that campaign messages should be delivered in appropriate languages to the t argeted publics. Combine all these and link them to NEF, as an organization that depends on goodwill and the final picture is NEF need to improve its profile awareness among the different publics in order to enhance its donation and contribution opportunities. SWOT Analysis for NEF Strength -People of Newlandia have shown spirit of philanthropy and are likely to support NEF activities. -Newlandians possess great hope and desire for their children to acquire education. -Government has granted NEF land rights in the South for construction of Schools. -NEF receives relative sizeable support in terms of financial and resource support from government and WorldHelp. -At the moment NCF enjoys wide public awareness and support and it is perceived that with increased public awareness activities NEF possess potential to receive such support. Weaknesses -Powerful people in Newlandia such as businessmen and politicians lack interest in community activities and support. Further, the process o f requesting such people to become NEF partners may be tedious and fruitless. -NEF for a long time has to contend with limited financial resources that generally affects its activities. -Schools in Newlandia lack primary key resources like furniture, books, and teachers, which on many occasions become impossible for NEF to fulfill. -NEF enjoys little public awareness and as an organization that depends on well-wishers donations this aspect does not resonate very well. Opportunities -Newlandia as a society prides in having some of the best opinion leaders who can support NEF awareness and support bid. These leaders include; Van On, Lakshmi Shankaran, Jacinta Greenwood, and Henry Abalone. Threats -Newlandia lacks vital infrastructures such as roads, secondary education, and water. Further, the aspect of government privatizing infrastructure development is likely to affect activities of many organizations and companies in Newlandia. Goals and objectives of the program Goals Lookin g at the wider reasons why organizations seek public relations programs, Reddi (2009) observes that organization need to build its reputation, increase awareness among people, and create influence opportunities among different publics (p.157).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further, public relations programs are premised on the goal to create a powerful image for the organization as the best among the rest (Haywood and Chartered Institute of Marketing 2005, p.13). With this understanding, goals of this public relations program will be to increase and enhance NEF public awareness among key and different publics. Second, to ensure NEF activities are publicly and widely known among many people and organizations for increased funding and general support. Third, ensure education needs of people of Newlandia are highlighted on wide-scale for appropriate action and support. Objectives The public relations campaign program will achieve the following objectives under the specified time. To create public awareness about NEF activities in different regions of Newlandia. The target is to reach about 1,600,000 people in Newlandia in three months. Public awareness regarding NEF will include its activities of supporting disadvantaged children achieve education, and how Newlandians can support and donate to NEF activities. After three months, results will be measured through quantitative techniques of field survey. To inform in three month- period, approximately 175,000 people in Northern region of Newlandia and another 175,000 people in the Western Newlandia about: hardship faced by Southern Newlandians and their inability to access education appropriately and also NEF activities in helping needy children in the region realize their education needs and how they can support NEF activities. After three months, impact of this objective will be measured using quantitative techniques in field surveys. To inform 1,000,000 people in Batak region and its environs about activities of NEF, hardships faced by Southerners, and how their can support NEF provide help to educational needs of Southerners. This is to be achieved in three months and results to be measured through quantitative techniques in field visits. To reach out to about 60% of Newlandiansà ¢â‚¬â„¢ industry and business sector through message about activities of NEF in providing education opportunities to needy children and how they can help. This objective is to be achieved in three months and outcomes to be measured through surveys using telephones and field visits. To reach out to about 60% of private industry and business people, informing them about NEF activities and its role in helping needy children attain their educational dreams and how they can support the organization’s activities. This is to be achieved in three months and outcomes measured through quantitative techniques and telephone surveys. Research Research undertaken and available findings In order to create a purpose-based public relations campaign strategy, there was prior research among key stakeholders in Newlandia. Prior research was conducted on selected representative samples among business people, politicians, opinion leaders, media people and the general population of Newlandia. Find ings from the research show that: 10% of the population posses some information and knowledge about NEF. 1% has knowledge about NEF’s mission, vision and what it does in the society. 85% indicated they had at one point donated to charity work in the recent times. 95% indicated willingness and support for child-education charity organizations. 95% of those sampled indicated that education is important for children in Newlandia, specifically for future benefits. Recommendations for future research Research pertaining to success of public relations campaign strategies remains wide and incomplete. This fact therefore suggests that additional and relevant future research work will have to be undertaken. Key recommended areas for future research include: Carry out research on what particular public relations campaign strategies successful organizations and companies adopted within Newlandia environment and how well NEF can restructure its future campaign strategies and plans. Th ere is need to conduct research on the specific media channels temporary visitors to Newlandia such as tourists and other business people utilize in order to enable NEF re-package and restructure its campaign strategies. Target Publics Budget and time constraints have been identified by NEF director Meryn Doogood to be the drawbacks of NEF. As a result, choosing the right publics to communicate to using the available limited budget will be important. Two categories of publics are identified: the general population of Newlandia, public and private corporate sector, and its players. Further, the general population of Newlandia is sub-divided geographically putting in consideration factors such as language, socio-economic and culture. The aim will be to create effective and sustainable campaign communication strategy that exhibit right content campaign messages to the identified groups of people in different parts of Newlandia. Three different publics are identified in this communicat ion campaign that will be targeted. They include Newlandia population; industry and business sector; and private and business sector. Newlandia population to be targeted includes people in Northern, Western, and Batak and its environment and subsequent Southern regions of Newlandia. The aim of communication campaign among people in these regions will be to enhance public awareness of NEF activities, increase public participation in activities of NEF, outline the various ways donations and support for NEF can be realized. Moreover, in areas like Northern, Western and Batak, the aim of targeting these populations is to ignite philanthropic spirit in the regions, increase future funding opportunities and increate their awareness of Southern plight. Key media channels in these regions include; Newlandia TV, Newlandia newspaper, Newlandia Radio International, Newlandia Times, Newlandia Broadcasting Corporation, Radio South, and Mouth of South Newspaper. The second public to be targeted i s the industry and business community in Newlandia. The target is to create increased and sustained awareness in this group to ignite their desire to participate in community work, contribute to charities, and develop philanthropic spirit. This group possesses potential for future financial security of NEF, hence needs to create their awareness of plight of needy students in South is important. The increased knowledge and technological savvy among this group makes it possible for campaigns messages to be received fast and positively. Major information sources accessed by this group include Newlandia Times and Newlandia Broadcasting Corporation. The third public is the private business and corporate sector who represent future hope and potential source of financial support, sponsorship, and philanthropic activities in Newlandia and specifically for NEF. Information exchange among this group is high, they are technology savvy individuals, and their influence in terms of corporate spon sorship is necessary for NEF. Information sources for this group include Newlandia Times and Newlandia Broadcasting Corporation. Communication Campaign Strategy Plessis (2000) observes that public relations campaign communication differs according to the various publics concerned, the money available for the campaign and the applicability of the media to the different publics (pp. 27-31). As noted earlier, NEF profile in the population is poor, funding in terms of donations is not adequate due to lack of awareness about the organization, and the overall educational disadvantages in Newlandia perform poorly as public agenda. As a result, communication campaign strategy is needed to enhance the profile of the organization to target publics, increase public awareness about the activities of NEF to increasing funding opportunities and clearly articulate educational challenges in Newlandia. Therefore, the communication strategy to be adopted will be persuasive in nature with aim to persu ade different publics into getting in NEF activities and providing necessary support. Design of persuasive messages will largely be carried out through application of communication theories such as social learning theory, agenda setting theory, semiotics theory, four model communication theory, and hierarchy of needs theory. These theories will be critical and widely used in developing specific messages that are addressed to particular publics. Moreover, the campaign will adopt a strategy of using identified key community opinion leaders who will deliver persuasive messages about plight of Newlandia children education needs, the activities carried out by NEF and how support can be facilitated. At the same time, success story of Rangi will be adopted and the student will be incorporated to talk to various publics about the problems of needy children in South, the role NEF plays in helping South people realize education for their children, and why NEF should be supported in its activi ties. Key Messages to be delivered to publics Messages will be designed in a way that its acceptance among different publics is possible and easy. Messages to be designed will be persuasive in nature addressing different categories of publics. Language to be used in developing messages will resonate with popular and widely spoken language in each region and messages will be simple and clear. Use of symbols and slogans will also be incorporated. Therefore, key messages to be delivered to different publics include: Majority of children in South region of Newlandia come from poor families with inability to access secondary education. Support is required to help South Newlandia children access education for their future. NEF is an organization enhancing education opportunities for children in South with passion to see brighter future for these children. NEF depend on donations and support of well-wishers hence it need support of many people in Newlandia. Donations can be in any form as long as they are directed to helping Southerners achieve educational goals. Tactics Different communication techniques and strategies will be used to reach the identified publics. At the same time, media agenda involving NEF will have to be managed professionally and this will take place in a positive information environment. Tactics to be employed will be premised on use of visual, printed, and oral tactics to reach to different publics. Adverts related to NEF will be put in leading media sources in Newlandia such as Newlandia Times and Mouth of South. Selected TV releases and adverts will also be sent to popular channels highlighting South situation and activities and plight of NEF. Newlandia Broadcasting Corporation and Newlandia TV will be utilized. Radio coverage will also be utilized to create awareness among people about situation of South, NEF activities, and why and how donations and support are required. Channel to be used include Newlandia Radio International and Radio South. Other communication tactics to be employed include use of billboards in target locations in Newlandia, distribution and sticking of posters on appropriate selected sites, conduct awareness open days and forums will NEF officials presenting themselves. Timeline Public relation campaign strategy operates on a timeframe which generally general constitute a system for keeping track of tasks that need to be done and those that have been completed (Heath, 2005, p.361). A Gantt chart will be adopted in this strategic proposal and as a result, it will be able to identify and apportion tasks, time and their sequence in a graphical manner (Bowen, Rowlins and Martin, 2010, pp.98-99). Timeline can be viewed in the Appendix section. Proposed timeline for the campaign Budget Budgets constraints have been identified to impede activities of NEF hence budget will be minimized to realistic levels in this communication campaign (Smith, 2005, pp. 222-223). NEF budget is sustained by funding fro m World Help and government funding. Further, well-wishers especially in the media will be approached for further support. Budgeting for the communication campaign strategy will involve every aspect that will contribute to success of the program. This will be in term of both direct and indirect costs and expenses. Budget summaries found in Appendix section. Estimated budget outline Evaluation Bowen, Rowlins, and Martin (2010), note that four concerns have to be addressed when evaluating the effectiveness of public relations campaign. The four concerns are definition of benchmark, selection of measurement tool, analysis of data, drawing of actionable conclusions and recommending, and making changes and further measuring (Bowen, Rowlins, and Martin, 2010, p.99). Evaluation of the entire campaign program will largely base on the outcomes of the set objectives. In this way, surveys will be incorporated to find out whether the public profile of NEF has increased and to achieve this, fee dback reports will be analyzed (Plooy 2004, p.312). Quantitative and qualitative measurement techniques will be adopted to estimate and measure percentage increase in awareness of NEF activities, percentage increase in awareness of plight and problems faced by Southern people, percentage in awareness of need for charity and philanthropy, percentage increase in the number of people information is relayed to, and lastly, percentage increase in the level of donations and support received after the campaign. This will take place after three months of the campaign. Reference List Bowen, S., Rowlins, B. and Martin, T., 2010. An overview to the public relations function. NY: Business Expert Press. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ_4pZYM4jYCpg=PA98dq=The+Gantt+Chart+AND+PUBLIC+RELATION+CAMPAIGN+STRATEGYhl=enei=qSpuTr6aHY2s-gaJzPXUBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=false . Haywood, R. and Chartered Institute of Marketing. 2005. Corporate reputation, the brand the bottom line: powerful proven communication strategies for maximizing value. VA: Kogan Page Publishers. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=8oPRwh1EcXcCpg=PA13dq=public+relations+and+its+role+in+reputation+building,+awareness+and+influencehl=enei=UvpxTuyFE8Lt-gbRuqy7CQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CFIQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=false . Heath, R. L., 2005. Encyclopedia of public relations. NY: SAGE. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=D7-SOAQyUE0Cpg=PA361dq=Gantt+model+of+public+relationshl=enei=2BpuTp-7E8fn-gbo9aDUBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=Gantt%20model%20of%20public%20relationsf=false . Newlandia Government. N.d. Newlandia. Web. Available from: http://www.deakin.edu.au/arts-ed/creative/writing/deakinopolis/newlandia/files/government.htm . Plessis, D., 2000. Introduction to Public Relations and Advertising. Johannesburg: Juta and Company Ltd. Web. Available from: https://books.goo gle.com/books?id=dU2Yz3u9lMoCpg=PA28dq=public+relation+campaign+strategyhl=enei=wwBuTsesOcqq-gbX3uTsBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false . Plooy, G.M., 2004. Communication Research: Techniques, Methods and Applications. Johannesburg: Juta and Company Ltd. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=yaw4wSWWSJ0Cpg=PA312dq=PUBLIC+RELATION+CAMPAIGN+TARGET+PUBLICShl=enei=hi1uTr3QH8-q-Aar1Z3bAwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=false . Reddi, C.V., 2009. Effective public relations and media strategy. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=yhRoWSJlXmICpg=PR13dq=public+relation+campaign+strategy+for+NGOhl=enei=EL9tTpKvNebi4QTAyMWIBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false . Smith, R.D., 2005. Strategic planning for public relations. MA: Taylor and Francis. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=uK5UKvWt38MCpg=PA221dq=G antt+model+of+public+relationshl=enei=dR5uTsW_OoOb-gbEsO39BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepageqf=true . This essay on Public Relations Campaign Strategy: Newlandia Education Foundation was written and submitted by user Kinsey Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Virus essays

A Virus essays A virus is an ultramicroscopic infectious organism that, having no independent metabolic activity, can replicate only within a cell of another host organism. A virus consists of a core of nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coating of antigenic protein and sometimes a lipid layer surrounds it as well. The virus provides the genetic code for replication, and the host cell provides the necessary energy and raw materials. There are more than 200 viruses that are known to cause disease in humans. The Ebola virus, which dates back to 1976, has four strains each from a different geographic area, but all give their victims the same painful, often lethal symptoms. The Ebola virus is a member of a family of RNA viruses known as Filoviriade' and falling under one genus, Filovirus'. Marburg is a relative of the Ebola virus. The four strains of Ebola are Ebola Zaire, Ebola Sudan, Ebola Reston, and Ebola Tai. Each is named after the geographical location in which it was discovered. These filoviruses cause hemorrhagic fever, which is actually what kill victims of the Ebola virus. Hemorrhagic fever as defined in Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary as, a group of viral aerosol infections, characterized by fever, chills, headache, malaise, and respiratory or GI symptoms, followed by capillary hemorrhages, and, in severe infection, oliguria, kidney failure, hypotension, and, possibly, death. The incubation period for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ranges from 2-21 days. The blood fails to clot and patients may bleed from injections sites and into the gastrointestinal tract, skin and internal organs. The Ebola virus has a tropism for l iver cells and macrophages, macrophages are cells that engulf bacteria and help the body defend against disease. Massive destruction of the liver is a hallmark feature of Ebola virus infection. This virus does in ten days what it takes AIDS ten years to do. It also require...

Alternatives To The Instrument Landing Systems Engineering Essay

Alternatives To The Instrument Landing Systems Engineering Essay Pilots have been faced with horrors of not being able to safely carry out the whole flight envelope activities during unfavourable weather conditions. The solution was the idea of somehow aiding pilots with instruments that would help get the job done. The Instrument Landing System (ILS), being the first, did break the ice but its faults and restrictions paved way for alternatives like the MPL, JPAL, IGS and TLS amongst others. It cannot be overlooked though that the ILS is still the most common of all approaches and pilots are tested numerous times on the workings of the ILS during their flight career. The Instrument Landing System (ILS) is an instrument presented, pilot interpreted, precision approach aid. The system provides the pilot with instrument indications which, when utilised in conjunction with the normal flight instruments, enables the aircraft to be manoeuvred along a precise, predetermined, final approach path. [1] Tests of the ILS began in 1929 and the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) authorised installation of the system in 1941 at six locations. The first landing of a scheduled U.S. passenger airliner using ILS was on January 26, 1938, as a Pennsylvania Central Airlines Boeing 247-D flew from Washington D.C. to Pittsburgh and landed in a snowstorm using only the Instrument Landing System.[2] The first fully automatic landing using ILS occurred at Bedford Airport UK in March 1964. [3] 1.1 Overview on the Instrument Landing System (ILS) The ILS uses two primary signals: a localizer for lateral guidance (VHF) operating between frequencies 108.10MHz and 111.95MHz; and a glide slope for vertical guidance (UHF) operating between 329.30MHz to 335.00MHz. The localizer provides course guidance throughout the descent path to the runway threshold from a distance of 18 NM from the antenna between an altitude of 1,000 feet about the highest terrain along the course line and 4,500 feet about the elevation of the antenna site. [4] On the other hand, the glide consists of two overlapping beam modulated at 150Hz and 90Hz. The centre line of the glideslope signal is arranged to define a glide slope of approximately 3Â ° above ground level with the beam being 0.7Â ° below the glideslope centreline and 0.7Â ° above the glideslope centreline i.e. 1.4Â ° in total. The transmitter is located 750 to 1,250 ft. down the runway from the threshold, offset 400 to 600 ft. from the runway centreline [5]. 1.2 Limitations facing the ILS The complexity of the ILS localizer and glide-slope system gives rise to its high installation cost. Also, there are topographic limitations with the ILS because of the complex siting requirements due to the sensitivity of both the localizer and glide slope systems. The localizer’s full functionality is limited due to effects from obstructions in the signal broadcast areas like hangers and large buildings and the glide-slope conversely is affected by the terrain in front of the glide-slope antenna. If terrain is sloping or uneven, reflections can create an uneven glide-path causing unwanted needle deflections. Additionally, the ILS only supports straight-in approaches since its signals are pointed in one direction by the positioning of the antennae arrays. Furthermore, the ILS suffers from frequency congestion because of a finite number of available frequencies (only 40 channels in all)[6], and has frequency modulation interference problems in some areas.[7] Also, the fact that it is not easily deployable makes it fall out of favour with the military. These main facts resulted into the development of the Microwave Landing System (MLS) with one intention only, to replace the ILS.

Women Should not be Priest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Women Should not be Priest - Essay Example The audience for this article includes females and those who support the ordination of women. The author has successfully used various strategies to appeal to the audience. For instance, she has used ethos to support her arguments. The author’s experiences and knowledge about the subject increases the credibility of her arguments. Dr. Susan Ross, who is the author, is a theology professor. This makes the audience to trust her claims. In addition, the author has used logos to strengthen her arguments. For instance, she has stated facts that support the argument. For instance, citing the traditional facts such as Christ being male and the traditional prohibition of female ordination sounds more convincing. Moreover, pathos has also been used in the article. For instance, she has used emotional language that appeals to the audience imagination. She has done this by narrating historical events especially in the bible. This not only makes the audience to respond emotionally but als o to identify themselves with the author’s arguments. However, some of the fallacies make her argument lack validity. For instance, associating traditional roles of a woman in the society with her abilities as a priest lacks soundness. This is because in the current society females are also the bread winners in their