World Health Organization and Health Information Systems Research Paper

World Health Organization and Health Information Systems - Research Paper Example Scientific advancement has shown a sharp decrease of mortality rate and early detection and vaccination of infectious diseases such as: Small-pox, Polio, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Whooping Cough and more recently Hepatitis-B, Swine-Flu and Cervical cancer. W.H.O. fulfils its objectives through its core allocated functions: i) whenever a sole decision is to be taken among two, W.H.O. take the leadership role. ii) it shapes the research agenda and ensures the generation, translation and distribution of valuable knowledge; iii) it sets patterns and standards and promotes and monitors their implementation; iv) coherences ethical and evidence-based policy options; v) provides technical support, boosts change and builds sustainable institutional capacity; and vi) assess health trends and monitors the health situation (Lee,2009, p.xiii). With the implementation of Information System, every field of the society including the World Health Organization are facing improvement at a very fast pac e. Information System is at the core of the health care profession. It has a massive progression in Health Care division in its different fields like electronic patient registries, management system, process and programmable evaluation and also in decision support system for clinics and diagnostic centers. It cuts down the cost and by manpower reduction and sophisticated technologies and proper implementation. Both the organization and the system have to be transformed in the right manner in order to effectively implement the process. Information System management is a careful act balanced between the organization and the system (Berg, 2001). This research explores the different information technologies like Health Information System, Decision Support System, Electronic Data Interchange, Internet, Tele-medical and Medical Images that are used in World Health Organization in the developed countries and analyses its advantages, problems and the impacts of those problems that can affec t the Health Organization (Scielosp, 2004). Issues to be investigated World Health management department are very actively and effectively improving the various sectors to protect the population health. Few countries in different parts of the world today are using comprehensive systems to maintain this database. The organization has to take decisions on critical situations like measuring whether the policies and programs are working efficiently or not for different diseases like H.I.V. and A.I.D.S., malaria and tuberculosis as well as maintaining funds and workforce management. According to the World Health Organization, there are multiple benefits of using Information Management System (Carlson, 2007, p.1). WHO Health Focus The main aim of the World Health Organization (WHO) is to pursue activities that would help in generating better health standards for individuals across the world. Different schools of thought have different opinions with regards to the manner of achievement of the goals underlined by the organization. The aspect of defining a guiding principle to the organization with regards to the achievement of its objectives call for the need to ensure designs based on a large number or multiple frameworks. Certain aspect under this

Who is a boss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Who is a boss - Essay Example Bosses all around the world tend to possess some managerial and leadership qualities which is the key to their success and also empowerment. When an employee is hired in any organization, he or she usually work day and night to fulfill the agenda set for him by his or her own boss. The most diligent and trustworthy employees are then selected by the senior members of that organization to become the future boss themselves. For instance, a person employed in finance department if works hard and puts the extra mileage, can further become the boss of his or her own department in the future. Every boss does have extraordinary talents associated with him or her and so does my boss has as well as restraints. My boss is a proactive man. He possesses some unique talents which inspire the members of the organization. His basic and foremost trait which is the key success factor of this firm is that he knows exactly how to make people work. A manager is a person who knows how to get work done wi th and through other people. He is excellent at it. He builds in the employee’s the spirit of working as team members and make them work together. He is very good at motivating people and bringing their inner talent out. He finds the good qualities of each employee under him and subsequently assists him or her in integrating those qualities for the betterment of the company. He sometimes acts as a democratic leader who takes into consideration all the input needed from his employees before making a decision. He calls on meetings of all the employees who are facing trouble at work as they aren’t able to work together. He listens to all of them and configures things up. He is very good at fixing problems by just having a glance on it and promotes team work as an essential element of success. He carries a practical approach towards everything. He is very realistic about the marketing trends and does not merely rely on past performance or future forecasts. He takes into ac count the present market condition and forms his decision on the basis of past, present, and future elements. Whenever a new project comes up, he first of all evaluates it himself, and then he choose the employees by himself who he think will be capable of handling the situation considering their past records. He is an extrovert who will not only work on this part of the job at one time, but keeps a keen eye on all the employees as well. He not only guides and motivates his employees, but also monitors them for their overall performance. He observes all the workers at work without even letting them know that. He is sometimes seen to be practicing a paternalistic leadership style where he would listen to feedbacks of all his workers but takes the final decision by himself. He does consider all the pros and cons of every opinion being presented but chooses the one he thinks is right by himself. Choosing the right staff for a particular project has led to redundancies. He always abridg e the number of employees whenever a new project comes up and this has led to frequent redundancies in the organization; and thus dissatisfaction among the members of staff. When a novel project comes up, he selects the team which he believes is perfect for carrying out such a task. If he figures out that some staff members have not been counted on for projects since a long time, he makes them redundant. Obviously, job security is threatened by this behavior and employees live in an environment of fear where they can easily be kicked out any day without any compensation what so ever. This behavior of the boss has led to negative opinion about him within the firm and many workers are not happy with him. Employees at work are under pressure of being thrown out of the job

Ancient Civilizations The City Of Pompeii

Ancient Civilizations The City Of Pompeii The city of Pompeii is historically famous for one reason: it was destroyed completely by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. While during the time of the Roman Empire, it had been a prosperous city, in no way was it as famous as it is now. It is shown that Pompeii as an archaeological site is the longest continually excavated site in the world'. The excavation of Pompeii has both immortalized Roman life, while destroying what was preserved by the ash of Mount Vesuvius. Pompeii allows us to look into Roman life and architecture like never before, but the site as a whole is also in danger. In 79 AD the eruption began on August 24. The Pompeians did not feel the need to evacuate, and did not feel threatened at all. The city was covered in ash and pumice, burying them. They citys name eventually faded from maps and its prosperity forgotten. It was not viewed as an archeological site until the 19th century when Giuseppe Fiorelli began excavating the site. Now the site is in danger of being destroyed due to the elements and lack of preservation. Pompeii is a spectacular site for one major reason: the lava, ash and pumice encased the entire city and solidified, preserving it for over 1000 years. Though a great archaeological find, it now suffers. The threat of destruction has always accompanied Pompeii. In the first archaeological stages, when Fiorelli was excavating, the site was poorly guarded and was looted frequently. Charles III removed artifacts to embellish his own home. Others attempted to preserve frescoes and paintings by covering them in varnish. The lack of proper preservation first came to the public eye when the Schola Armaturarum collapsed due to water damage in 2010. The Armaturarum was a gladiator training arena and a very popular building in Pompeii. After the collapse, the obvious need for attendance on the site was noted. Walls had begun to collapse, and the vegetation was overgrown. The areas in need of restoration are the areas that the public and tourists do not see. As Ray Laurence notes, Even for thos e scholars interested in art and architecture, Pompeii presents problems. In those areas away from the most visited parts of the site, vegetation often obscures the object of study. This can cause areas of the site to be neglected and not examined. The general deterioration of the archaeological remains should not be underestimated. The site is very large, over 44 hectares of land, but has a reduced staff. They cannot keep up with the size of the site, or prevent rain from damaging the artifacts. Though the damage has caught the eye of UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) and received funding for restoration of the site, it had lost some important parts of Pompeii. While Pompeii offers the public and scientists a view into the past, its study also is destroying the preserved ruins. In archaeology, they often must damage something in order to study it. As Gary Devore of Stamford University says in James Owens article: Since archaeology is destruction, we destroy bits of Pompeii as we go along. At Pompeii, the large sites that were excavated were also damaged by the constant work being done. In Pompeii, many of the people who had lived there were frozen in time by the volcanic debris. To get a full idea of how these people had died, a plaster molding was used. Ian Andrews states: Archaeologists working on the ruins of Pompeii have discovered an ingenious way of reconstructing some of their finds. When lava from the eruption of AD 79 cooled, it solidified around all the objects which had been unable to escape. Over the centuries, many of these objects decayed, leaving hollows in the solid lava. Archaeologists refill these with liquid plaster; liquid plaster is allowed to set and the lava can then be chipped away leaving an accurate cast of whatever was trapped by the lava flow nearly two thousand years ago. This process is helpful with the study of the site; it also is destroying the naturally solidified encasing of the object. Once they chip away the lava, that figure is eliminated forever, leaving a plaster fill instead. The original case is now gone; yet another piece of history we must destroy to discover answers. The final threat that Pompeii is faced with, along with the surrounding area, is another eruption from Mount Vesuvius. Scientists studying the volcano believe that another eruption could destroy even more than it did in 79 AD. Such an important site should be restored and under constant attention. Pompeiis impact on our society is slightly larger than the average person knows. The discovery of Pompeii offers something that no other site can offer. It gives us an idea of Roman everyday life. Pompeians died in a state of panic, but that does not change the fact that every object in the entire city is found where the owner last left it before trying to escape the clutches of Mount Vesuvius. This is a spectacular way to study Roman lifestyle, and to discover things no one had known. It is said by Judith Harris that: Until Pompeii, no one knew how the ancient Romans actually lived. What archaeologists now look at in Pompeii is details within homes to see how families actually functioned. Before the discovery of Pompeii, it was thought that slaves would not have liked to be seen by the home owners and guests. This was proven incorrect when they discovered that some commonly used items of slaves were found in the main room. When looking at ancient Roman medical relations, Pompeii has shown that medical tools have been found in households, so rather than summoning a doctor they would do some medical procedures by themselves. Many of the villas in Pompeii belonged to the rich emperors and senators. They were holiday homes that they would visit throughout the year. This is most of what tourists see. Owens found that much research has centered on public buildings and breathtaking villas that portray the artistic and opulent lifestyle enjoyed by the citys wealthy elite, but now, they have begun to look at the other 98 percent of Pompeii that teach us about their everyday lives. In this part of Pompeii jobs were in trade, education, agriculture, accounting, and industry. A major part of Pompeiis prosperity is due to the proximity of the sea and the bustling ports. Puteoli and the Bay of Naples brought in extreme revenue and unlike Pompeii and Herculaneum were able to recover after the eruption of Vesuvius. The artwork of Pompeii included frescoes. Frescoes allowed people to express themselves and also show what the ancient Pompeians would have lo oked like. There was graffiti in Pompeii. This graffiti was usually written in a public place and voiced cheery or somber messages. The study of such a bustling and enriched city is a reflection of Rome in its Golden Age. Peter Kesteven reflected, The citizens of Pompeii have their strengths and their weaknesses, just as we have. The Romans said that the life of a Roman town was the life of the empire in miniature. In studying Pompeii we can see the unity and method that led to success but perhaps we can see something also of the weakness that eventually led to the decline of the empire. Pompeii reflects the empire as a whole; it also immortalizes the life of the citizens of Rome. Pompeii not only shows us the lifestyle of Romans in ancient times, but it also influenced art, architecture and literature after its excavation began in 1748. Its excavation also began to influence archaeological advancements. It influenced wealthy folks across Europe because of the dawn of classicism. Elite Europeans would tour the Italian peninsula in search of art and artifacts to decorate their homes. Pompeii was specifically targeted because of the gems and riches found there, as well as the tragic tale behind its destruction. Many aristocratic European homes included an Etruscan room; the design was based off of Pompeian architecture and art. Pompeiis architecture was influenced by many cultures. Greek Doric columns, Etruscan bronze pottery and Roman temples were all found in Pompeii. Some of the buildings in Pompeii include temples to worship Venus (the citys god), an amphitheatre, theatre, baths, sport centres, shops and workshops as well as block houses and villas. The arch itecture is unique: Only in Pompeii is it possible to trace the history of Italian and Roman domestic architecture for at least four centuries. Pompeii influenced literature because after the birth of classicism, works like The Last Days in Pompeii written by Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton became popular amongst Europeans. Therefore Pompeiis destruction was unfortunate, but its rediscovery became a part of culture still prevalent today. Shelley Hales summarizes the events of Pompeii accurately by stating: The eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE was a most paradoxical event. The cataclysm both destroyed and preserved the relatively insignificant town of Pompeii and transformed its fortunes: as its remains began to be excavated in the mid-eighteenth century, this town assumed centre- stage as a powerful and evocative portal through which one might at least attempt a closer communion with the ancient past. Archaeologist are doing their best to restore what previous damage had been done in the form of excavations, the threat of another eruption exists, and all the while Pompeii continues to be frozen in time immortalized by the very thing that destroyed it. Works Cited/ Updated Bibliography Owens, James. Ancient Roman Life Preserved at Pompeii National Geographic. Science and Space Facts, Science and Space, Human Body, Health, Earth, Human Disease National Geographic. http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/pompeii/ (accessed November 29, 2012). Valsecchi, Maria Cristina. Pompeii Is Crumbling-Can It Be Saved?. Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News . http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/travelnews/2011/11/111107-pompeii-italy-science-travel-collapse-eu/ (accessed January 10, 2013). Pompeii Information. CyArk. http://archive.cyark.org/pompeii-info (accessed January 10, 2013). Laurence, Ray. Roman Pompeii: space and society. London: Routledge, 1994 University of Leicestor. Everyday Life In Pompeii Revealed. Science Daily: News Articles in Science, Health, Environment Technology. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070424091412.htm (accessed January 15, 2013). Harris, Judith. Pompeii awakened a story of rediscovery. London: I.B. Tauris, 2007. Andrews, Ian, Peter Kesteven, and Reginald Piggott. Pompeii. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1980. Stewart, Doug. Resurrecting Pompeii | History Archaeology | Smithsonian Magazine. History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian Magazine. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/pompeii.html?c=ypage=5 (accessed January 19, 2013). Hales, Shelley. Pompeii in the Public Imagination from its Rediscovery to Today. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Australopithecus :: Informative, Anthropology

Australopithecus There are many types of the hominid called australopithecus, which means southern apes. These were small ape-like creatures(with a height between 107cm and 152cm) that showed evidence of walking upright. It is difficult to tell whether these begins are "humans" or "apes". Many of their characteristics are split between humans and apes. The many species of australopithecus include A.(australopithecus) ramidus, A. anamenesis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, A . acthiopicus, A. robustus, and A. boisei. The oldest known and identified species of australopithecus that roamed the earth was a. ramidus who lived about 4.5 million years ago. Next came A. Anamensis, A afarensis, A africanus, A. acthiopicus, a boisei and a. robustus. Ausralopithecus boisei roamed the earth as early as 1.1 million years ago and was on earth at the sametime as homo habilis and homo erectus. Most of the australopithecus fossils that have been discovered have been found in eastern africa and have been dated between 4.5 million and 1.1 million years old. There has also been evidence that the australopithecus "man" lived in australia where fossils have also been found. The first discovery of an australopithecus fossil was made in 1924. The body of the australopithecus is smaller than humans, but biffer than chimpanzees. Also, The brain size of australopithecus is bigger than humans at about 475 cubic centimeters. This is also biffer than the chipanzees, but the brains were not developed in most areas. For example speech. The australopithecus species all had mostly the same features with a low forehead, a "bony ridge"over the eyes, a

Winterkill

Wintertime In wintertime the story starts of depressing and explaining how the narrator and Harley Reeves have both been laid off from their jobs. Then he goes to the bar and notices a girl who is there and his friend Troy Just has to pick up on her and uses a corny pickup line. Troy Is In a wheel chair due too smoke Jumper's Injury, The lady at the bar was named Nolan. As the conversation carried on and got a little more personal troy invited Nolan to go fishing with him and his friend. Nolan agreed to go fishing and then get dinner.They made their way out to the river and Less and Nolan began to talk about how cold It was and that led to Nolan telling him to warm her up. Just before they were going to warm each other up they heard a weird noise and It was Troy struggling while fishing for some reason. It turns out that troy has snagged a big fish and the tension slowly pulled him out of the chair and he was slowly being dragged on his chest down by the water. Troy was saying that h e caught the big one and he needed help.Troy pleaded with Less to help him catch the fish because he did not want to let it go. So Troy and Less struggled and pulled on the line as hard as they could for what seemed like minutes and they could not get it to budge. Less kept going farther out In the water until he got to where the line was snagged and he realized that It wasn't even a fish and Troy had gotten his line caught on a dead deer. This did not make Troy happy at all because he always thought fishing was his thing and he just got tricked by a dead animal that shouldn't have even been in the water.They all ended up going inside and having the chicken with wine and talked on throughout the night. Snagging the deer was a confidence killer for Troy. After that he watched Harley Reeves and his mother dance to end the night, he enjoyed seeing her happy. â€Å"And I thought about the matter of trust. That I would always lie if it would save someone an unhappiness. That was easy. A nd that I would rather a person mistrust me than dislike me†¦ † (pig. 169) I could relate to this quote because I understood what It meant. But I did not agree with it. Retry much this salsa that they would rather beat around the bush and lie instead of be straight up with a person and just tell hem the truth no matter what it is or what affect it will have on the person. I believe in being very blunt with people and It can never turn into a negative thing if you are honest Instead of passive and always trying to say the next thing to please someone. Movie Essay The first time I saw Friday Night Lights, I was impressed by the movie and also as a fellow athlete that was playing football at the time.Friday Night Lights is a movie that takes place in Texas at a high school called Permian in Odessa, Texas and it was indented to show the true intensity and stress of being a Texas high school football player and the pressure that is on them to succeed and not only win the state title but to earn a scholarship to play at a division 1 athlete. Instantly I understood and respected the passion that was portrayed by the actors. Not only was It socially correct, the director did not skip out on showing the work that goes in before the 1 OFF field.I appreciated the detail and excitement that was created during their Journey to the state championship and everything that happens in-between. A lot of people have said that Friday Night Lights is an extreme portrayal of a sports movie. As an athlete that has played multiple sports for 10+ years it could not be more accurate. The intensity and seriousness of high school football in Odessa Texas was a well kept secret to the majority of the public and this movie shed light on a lifestyle that most high school kids never knew existed.This movie shows the true passion of anyone who loves a sport and is willing to go through anything or anyone and sacrifice their body to achieve their ultimate goal and that is to win a ch ampionship. I think this is a movie that every athlete should watch no matter what their sport is because it portrays athletes that have heart, drive, commitment and a never ending passion for the sport that they love.This movie took place in the late ass and speaking from a sports point of view not much has changed. The main character of the movie is the star running back Booby Miles. He is a god gifted athlete who has an ego as big as his linemen. Throughout the Movie Booby's cockiness grows but with good reason because he has earned himself the title of the umber one running back in the state and is the motor that pushes his team's offense into the end zone every game.The only down fall for Booby Miles and the Permian Panthers is that they are severely undersized but are gifted with speed. I understood how this would affect the movie and the team because any athlete's goal while playing the sport is to become as big and strong as possible and sometimes it is a lot easier said tha n done but it is something you constantly work at and stress about. The social life of the teenagers in the movie was not shied away from. The Director wanted to give the viewer the full picture.Many times throughout this movie there will be scenes where these high school athletes are being confronted by people in the community asking for their autographs and being told that they are their wives favorite players. A lot of pressure is put on these young kids by the community while out in public and they are reminded all the time that the season will be a waste if they do not win the state championship and they are constantly reminded that they are severely undersized compared to the boys on the there side of Texas.I never experienced pressure this big from the community but I can relate because it seemed like every time I would have my baseball gear on from my high school or some football apparel I was always asked the same tired question â€Å"you guys going to get it done this yea r† or â€Å"those are some big boys with Del scholarships you think you can hang† these questions always added fuel to my fire that I kept deep down in my stomach because we were always portrayed as an underdog like Permian no matter how much we won.I did not mind that role but sometimes I think there was some recognition that was deserved but never received. Friday Night Lights was a great portrayal of how much an athlete will sacrifice Just to win a championship. Friday Night Lights showed the true hard work and dedication that it takes to be one of the best teams. When Booby Miles gets injured and cannot play for the rest of the season it made me realize that you should never take a play or game for granted because all it takes is 1 play for your whole career to be ended and oh can lose everything you have worked for your whole life.The roller coaster story I never thought of it as unrealistic one time during the move and that is rare because a lot of sports movies a re predictable and not realistic portrayals of an athlete's life. My whole life has consisted of playing sports and being an athlete and there are a lot of misconceptions and thoughts that every athlete's talent is god given. That is why Friday Night Lights is such a good movie to get the true perspective because it is based on a true story and actual events.Nothing is sugar coated nor is it over traumatized. Friday Night Lights does not have that story book ending where the underdog team puts in all the hard work and beats the best team. In the movie the Permian Panthers lose in the state championship. This was the most realistic part of the movie because it doesn't always end with you on top no matter how much work and heart you put into things. Minus the depressing ending Friday Night Lights is a attention grabbing story that will keep you guessing all the way until the end.

Compensation and Benefits Strategies Essay

Employees are worth more than their hourly wage, even though, that is typically all that is considered by an employee while looking for a new job or considering a move to a different job or employer. Employers see employees as much more than the hourly or salary that they are offered to do a specific job. The benefits package that employers offer to employees is worth a substantial amount of money. Health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance and other benefits, and even some discount programs are part of the entire compensation and benefits package. Employers, and employees alike, need to understand and educate themselves on the added value they have by looking at the entire compensation and benefits package and comparing it to other companies before taking a position for a higher hourly or salaried rate. Centura Health is evaluated throughout this paper regarding their compensation and benefits strategies. Market Evaluation Companies in competing markets need to know what their competitors are offering in terms of compensation and benefits packages so that they are able to stay current with what other organizations are offering their employees. Researching and understanding the compensation and benefits of competitors is a vital process in hiring and recruiting new employees from the regular job market of employees and when trying to recruit employees away from their current employer. Understanding the compensation structure of your own company, and of your competitors, will make evaluating the current structure easier and then making it more appealing to employees wanting to be employed by the organization will be a more informed decision making process. Centura Health, Kaiser Permanente, and the University of Colorado Hospital will be reviewed. Centura Health Centura Health is one of the largest employers in Colorado. Centura Health’s website states, â€Å"Centura Health takes pride in providing a comprehensive benefits package that’s designed to inspire health† (Centura Health, n.d., p. 1). Centura Health is looking for talented employees that will help them continue their mission and support their key values. Centura Health offers competitive wages, health insurance, prescription coverage, vision, and dental through their health benefits package. Centura Health offers short-term and long-term disability packages along with life insurance and accidental death insurance for an additional low fee. Centura Health offers a paid time-off (PTO) that accrues during each pay period and 401k and other retirement programs. An employee assistance program is offered by Centura Health for employees who may need counseling or a referral to a counselor to help them cope with issues in their work or home life. Centura Health also has an associate discount program that offers discounts on many services such as cell phone carriers, life, and car insurance among many other discounts. Kaiser Permanente Kaiser Permanente (KP) is another one of Colorado’s largest employers and a dominate player in hiring talented health care employees. Kaiser Permanente’s website states, â€Å"we understand that providing excellent service to our employees enables you to provide excellent service to our members. As a result, we offer a total compensation package designed to enhance the lives of you and your family member† (Kaiser Permanente, 2015, p. 1). Kaiser Permanente offers a wide range of benefits to their employees with enrollment into the KP health insurance being at the top of their list. Kaiser Permanente also offers â€Å"flexible spending accounts (FSA), health savings account (HSA), supplemental life insurance, occupational accident insurance, mental health, care, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, dental insurance, vision insurance, life insurance, disability insurance, health care on-site, and retiree health and medical† (Kaiser Permanente, 2015, p. 1). Kaiser Permanente also has other benefits under the following categories for employees, financial and retirement, family and parenting, vacation and time off, perks and discounts, and professional support. All of these categories expand into additional areas of benefits  to employees. The University of Colorado Hospital The University of Colorado Hospital is also one of Colorado largest employers in healthcare. The University of Colorado Hospitals (UCH) website states, â€Å"We are proud to provide competitive and comprehensive health and welfare benefits as part of our Total Rewards program† (University of Colorado Health, 2014, p. 3). The University of Colorado Hospital, like the previous employers, offer a medical health plan, life insurance, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, short and long-term disability insurances, and dental and vision plans. The UCH offers a dependent day care spending account (DCSA) to their employees to help pay the cost of day care with tax-free dollars. The UCH also offers their employees the ability to sign up for a group legal plan. The University of Colorado Hospitals benefit enrollment guide states that their UltimateAdvisor program, â€Å"offers you a wide range of legal services to help you prevent and resolve everyday legal issues† (University of Colorado Health, 2014, p. 17). The daycare and legal programs offered by the UCH are not offered by their competitors and make them more desirable when comparing compensation and benefits packages. Compensation Structure Centura Health uses an annual employee review system called Performance, Feedback, and Development (PFD) to review employees to determine if they are eligible for a yearly raise. This process involves the employee rating themselves on how they are meeting their job performance in accordance with Centura’s seven core values. The seven core values are compassion, respect, integrity, spirituality, stewardship, imagination, and excellence (Centura Health, n.d., p. 1). This process is time intensive and cumbersome for employees and managers to sit down and write scenarios and narratives for these values. Employees skip the self-assessment section by doing the bare minimum of just checking the auto-populated response available to meet their required timeline for turning in the assessment. Market Position Centura Health’s market position falls into the large-sized companies. Centura Health employs â€Å"17,100 employees and associates† (Draper, 2014, p. 1). Centura Health is expanding into a new health campus and new physician  buildings in the northern Denver Metropolitan area. Centura Health had a net income of $61.5 million â€Å"(Sealover, 2013, p. 1). Centura Health operates 15 hospitals throughout Colorado after the recent expansion into the St. Anthony North Health Campus. Compensation and Benefits Centura Health needs to stay competitive when offering their compensation and benefits package to new employees. The existing compensation package that Centura Health offers is solid and market comparable to their competitors. As Centura Health continues to expand their locations and the need for employees continues to grow it would be advised that Centura Health looks at daycare benefits to their employees with children and, to include, elderly family members who may need assistance of daycare programs as well. Centura Health promotes health and wellness throughout their system and has recently stopped hiring any employee that smokes. Employing healthier employees does several things for Centura Health. Sick time will be reduced by hiring healthier employees, reduced profit loss by having more employees at work than on sick time and reduced health insurance costs for both Centura Health and the employee. Work-life balance is important for Centura Health to review in their compensation and benefits packages. Centura Health can benefit from telecommuting for many administrative jobs and to support more flexible work schedules for employees who need to start earlier or later and can stay for the full shift amount of time because of their home life requirements. Work-life balance is important to employee’s health and wellness and offering additional options into the preconceived mold of being a healthcare worker will make Centura Health a more desirable employer for the talented employees they want to employ. Performance Incentives and Merit Pay Centura Health would benefit from a reward-based program that would include bonuses, for employees who are doing the non-management and non-executive jobs. Incentive Compensation for employees creates a work environment of higher performance and competition between employees. Employees and lower level management can give each other a pat on the back for a job well done, cost savings identification or a heroic moment with a patient, but those moments are short-lived. Rewarding employees speaks volumes when trying to  create a positive work-life balance in an organization. Creating an incentive-based program that management can reward on-the-spot accomplishments creates the need to do better with the other employees in the organization. Recognizing employees for a job well done with an incentivized program using gift cards, bonuses, or additional PTO motivates others to try and receive these awards. Creating a positive competitive work environment encourages employees to strive to wo rk better, do better, and be better. Laws The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) was originally created to address issues with pension plans and did not address health, life, disability, or medical benefits. ERISA has been modified, for the most part, to address pension plans, but the medical coverage area was modified with the creation of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 (COBRA) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). COBRA was created â€Å"to provide continuation of group health coverage that otherwise might be terminated† (United States Department of Labor [USDOL], n.d., para. 1). COBRA COBRA is offered to employees who have been terminated, either voluntarily or involuntarily, without any gross misconduct or because of the reduction of work hours by the employer. COBRA is paid for out-of-pocket by the employee and at higher rate than offered through their plan when they were employed. The qualified employee must be offered identical coverage to the plan they had while employed. COBRA is usually an overly expensive option for employees that have been released from their jobs. HIPAA HIPAA is a federal law that â€Å"limits pre-existing condition exclusions, permits special enrollment when certain life or work events occur, prohibits discrimination against employees and dependents based on their health status, and guarantees availability and renewability of health coverage to certain employees and individuals† (United States Department of Labor [USDOL], n.d., para. 3). Special enrollment examples are exhaustion of COBRA benefits, marriage, and new child by birth or adoption. The employee is to be given a 30-day period to request the special enrollment option regardless of the plan’s set enrollment dates as provided by the employer. Conclusion Centura Health is one of Colorado’s largest providers of healthcare services and largest employers. Centura Health has invested in understanding the health care market so that they can provide a competitive and attractive compensation and benefits package to entice talented employees. There is a benefit to Centura Health and the employee regarding understanding the package presented to them during the hiring process so that both parties understand the worth they are gaining with employment. The compensation and benefits process for an employer is worth an in-depth review of their competitors and the market the organization is in. References Centura Health. (n.d.). Compensation, Benefits and Tuition Reimbursement. Retrieved from http://www.centura.org/careers-and-education/compensation-benefits-and-tuition-reimbursement/ Centura Health. (n.d.). Mission & Values. Retrieved from http://www.centura.org/about-us/mission-and-values/ Draper, E. (2014). Colorado hospital giant Centura Health to stop hiring tobacco users. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_26977759/colorado-hospital-giant-centura-health-stop-hiring-tobacco Kaiser Permanente. (2015). Benefits, pay, and enrollment. Retrieved from http://www.kaiserpermanentejobs.org/employee-benefits.aspx Kaiser Permanente. (2015). Kaiser Permanente Benefits. Retrieved from http://www.glassdoor.com/Benefits/Kaiser-Permanente-US-Benefits-EI_IE19466.0,17_IL.18,20_IN1.htm Sealover, E. (2013). Denver hospitals post healthy profits. Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2013/05/30/denver-hospitals-post-healthy-profits.html United States Department of Labor. (n.d.). Applicable Laws, Regulations, Publications and Related Links. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/elaws/ebsa/health/7.asp United States Department of Labor. (n.d.). Frequently Asked Questions COBRA Continuation Health Coverage. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/faqs/faq_compliance_cobra.html University of

Literature review on Language Use

Literature review on Language Use Literature Review In academic arena, English plays a very crucial role especially in institutions whereby it has been used for infinitely long period of time as a medium of instruction. Students are expected to not only communicate effectively in English language. They are also supposed to master its extensive usage so that they can be able to grasp full content in their various fields of study. According to Bacha and Bahous (2008), there is no possibility of excelling in institutions which use English as medium of communication.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature review on Language Use specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, tremendous effort geared towards learning English language both from the teacher and learner levels is relevant in order to help students overcome academic demands so as to excel in their respective disciplines. Additionally, the acquired skills will assist students in meeting the de mands of English language use in a professional context (Bacha Bahous, 2008). Ismail (2011) explicates that the academic context consign strenuous demands on students as they are required to complete numerous writing tasks in different genres such as essays, research papers and critical reviews. On the other hand, for learners to be able to decipher the different structure and language forms that are most suited for diverse form of texts, they ought to focus on learning the rules of the language that is being used for instruction. Furthermore, in his study on students’ perceptions on writing in ESL, Ismail found out that English plays vital role in initiating students to the wider academic community owing to their improved proficiency and also due to their ability to make distinctions between language activities used in specific genres. Further exploration of students’ perceptions indicated that the kind of attitudes that students held towards ESL either hindered or p romoted their writing ability. On the same note, Bacha (2002) underscores that English has been elevated to a higher status around the world owing to the fact that it is the preferred language of use for various specific purposes. Needless to say, English is a preferred medium of instruction in many academic institutions across the globe bearing in mind that even the non-English speaking countries have adopted English in their academic curriculum. For this reason, English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners in Arab world as well as from other parts of the globe have little alternative but to learn English despite the difficulties they encounter in the course of learning. In spite of the fact that L1 (Arabic) has a role to play in students life, it is imperative to mention that English for academic purposes is very crucial not just to outshine in academic field, but also to fit in the global arena whereby it is the main language of communication. Concurrently, this current research offers an in-depth exploration on the use of English for purpose of academic learning and of course the acquisition of knowledge. In addition, it also highlights the difficulties Arabic speakers encounter in the course of switching between Arabic for social use and English for academic purposes.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scholars interested in English for specific purposes (ESP) discipline tend to prefer the usage of two distinct subdivisions to distinguish between the use of English in academic (English for academic purposes (EAP) and the language use in occupational contexts (English for occupational purposes (EOP) (Gillett Wray, 2006). Besides, Gillett and Wray accentuate that the aspiration of ESP is to equip students with the necessary skills to communicate, write and read. Notwithstanding, the period of preparation is very short, but the skills are relevant to p romote success in academics. However, success in mastery of ESP is only achieved if activities of ESP are demonstrated in the context as it is the case in academic institutions. Moreover, the materials for teaching ESP ought to be authentic to enable students to grasp vital skills for a smooth transition into the employment world. Similarly, Fender (2008) in his research unearthed several characteristics of ESP which includes ESP materials that are designed to meet specific learners’ needs such as academic. Conversely, the methodology for designing such materials is tailored towards the specialized purpose. Needless to say, the aim of EPS should be focused, not just on teaching the lexicon, grammar and registers in a particular discipline, but should also provide skills on the appropriate use of the above activities. English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) In yet another development of this language, EOP falls under three categories namely business English, professional Engli sh and vocational English. The importance of English in occupational fields has been accentuated via several studies. One such study is by Fender (2008) that emphasized the necessity for learning above average English skills to facilitate communication in every profession. Furthermore, the two aforementioned authors provide indisputable solutions that ESL students can employ to overcome communication barriers in their respective business and management professions. Likewise, Gilmore (2009) points out that many students find it extremely challenging to produce written texts in their language and the challenges worsens when they are required to write in a second language and specifically to EFL learners. He adds that the widely usage of English language in business and academic environment can be directly linked to the gradual revolution heightened by globalization. As a matter of fact, Huang (2008) study supported Gilmore observation by accentuating that the spread of English usage i s likely to be accelerated by its’ widespread usage in mass communication, internet and business dealings. He further emphasizes that on a day to day basis, thousands of deals in trade, journalism, politics etc are conducted in English whereas the parties involved are non-native speakers of English. As a result, the necessity to equip the users with the relevant English competence skills cannot be overemphasized of which this is the main concern of the current study.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature review on Language Use specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, Huang study revealed that test scores for tasks written in English varied between the ESL learners and native speakers of English, whereby native speakers scores higher than ESL learners. Huang attributed these findings to the fact that ESL learners’ performance was limited for reasons not explained in his study. However, his fi ndings positively indicate the concept of using ESP in academics poses tremendous hardship to ESL students. Moreover, Puvenesvary (2003) research revealed that poorly-written business letters caused grievous harm to a business. His study which was conducted in the banking sector in Malasyia further portrays that ESP is a valuable skill not just in academics but also in professional arena. Challenges in reading and speaking in ESP for academic learners Research among Arab students has indicated that they face similar or more adverse challenges while reading and speaking in ESP. Obviously, in academic institutions, students are expected to communicate with their fellow learners as well as participate in both oral and reading classroom presentations. Similarly, they are also expected to have above average reading skills to enhance performance in academic tasks. However, most ESP learners posses below average skills in reading and speaking as cited by Jdetawy (2011). The aim of his rese arch was to conduct a conceptual review of challenges faced by Arab learners while using ESP in academic setting. A thorough review of literature exposes the reality that Arab ESL students faced serious problems while using ESP in academics and the problems impacted on all areas of language skills, i.e. speaking, reading, writing and listening (Jdetawy, 2011). The above current study concurs with a prior study by Savas (2009). Although Savas’ study aimed at unearthing learners’ challenges as perceived by their teachers, the two studies arrived at similar findings. Savas (2009) highlights that L2 learners of English face serious challenges while using ESP in accomplishing academic tasks such as writing, speaking, reading and listening. Interesting though, this study partly blame inadequacy of teaching methods as having contributed to the acquisition of below average linguistic skills in English. Problems faced by Arabic speakers in ESL learning for academic purposes On the same note, learners of L2 face many problems and Arab learners are no exception. Needless to say, these problems have caught the interest of various linguistic scholars due to their regular occurrences in both written and spoken English. As a result, numerous studies (Hisham, 2008; Rababbah, 2003; Kobayashi Rinnert, 2002) have been carried out to investigate some of the common and chronic problems faced by Arab learners in the process of acquiring L2 (English). To expound on the same, Kobayashi and Rinnert (2002) study attempted to investigate the effects of extensive and intensive L1 training in high school and how students transferred L1 knowledge while writing in L2. The study indicated that students tended to transfer knowledge in L1 to L2 and as a result committed weighty lexical errors during the writing process. However, errors in writing could be minimized if the students acquired the best writing strategy in L1 as they could transfer the same skills L2.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, Kobayashi and Rinnert explanation ignores the fact that most of the errors of writing in L2 arise not because of the acquired writing strategies, but also because the mastery of L2 is restricted. Rababah (2003) extended his study further to identify the various reasons that could be attributed to these EFL learning problems. First of all, he identified that the problems of EFL among Arab learners arose because English language teachers were native speakers of Arabic; hence their performance and competence in English was likely to be restricted. In addition, use of English was not a common experience among Arab speakers bearing in mind that they also had little interaction with native English speakers. Consequently, Hisham (2008) investigated business students at the University of Utara Malaysia and pointed out that EFL learner encounter problems in vocabulary register, grammar and referencing. As a matter of fact, Umair (2011) reinforces the above discourse by res tating that Arabic native speakers encountered many problems while undertaking writing courses in English. In deed, the composition of learners in academic institution is very diverse and as well their multilevel ability in writing also varied. As a result, the lack of uniformity further accelerated the problems of competent writing for both teachers and students (ibid). Umair further explains that the diversified composition of learners in terms of abilities made it impossible for teachers to meet the needs of every learner. Additionally, Bacha (2002) reviewed past literature that is highly relevant to the current study owing to the fact that it identified the major problems that L2 learners encountered while writing for academic purposes. Moreover, the study pointed out that writing skills among L2 learners were restricted following their limitation of lexical variety and lack of subordination elements. Consequently, the importance of employing the appropriate methodology while te aching ESP cannot be overstated. Having established that there are various and grievous problems in ESL learning, L2 practitioners have been a search of comprehensive theory that would be employed to teach L2 in an attempt to minimize or eliminate problems that originated from poor teaching methodologies. As a result three major theories have been proposed which can be employed to guide learners in the process of writing in order to promote mastery of skills among ESP learners for academic purposes. Integral theories applied in the teaching of ESP One of the most important theories is that which touches on rhetorical drills and syntax. It is referred to as product theory and they are all important in assisting the process of writing (Badger White, 2000). As the name suggests, this theory is concerned with the final written product and eschews from establishing how the writing skills are acquired. Badger and White also exemplifies that the written product is a clear indicator of the level of structure skills of the target language (TL) that the learner have mastered. Moreover, the written product indicates the level of imitated input since L2 learning is a matter of imitation. Badger and White also explains that if students are exposed to written model texts their level of errors is likely to subside and vice versa. This is because as students focus on model texts they also focus on form and structure out of which they imitate the ideal writing skills. In addition, the students should be exposed to various exercises based on the model texts, and concurrently their level of mastered should be evaluated based on replicated product. On the contrary, process theory approach focuses on the identification of procedure employed to arrive at the final written text without any consideration of the appearance of this final product (Hyland, 2003). This indicates that this theory is more concerned with teaching methods that learner of ESP is exposed to so as to acquire wr iting skills in the target language. The author expounds that the various elements in the learning of English language such as drafting, actual writing carrying out revision as well as assessment and evaluation are all related to the theory. Henceforth, instructors are supposed to introduce the students to techniques that enhance success in writing. Therefore, students are taken through rewriting, revision and editing until the instructor is satisfied with the final draft. On the same note, it important to acknowledge a more recent research that sought to highlight the meta-cognitive strategic that Arab students employed while reading comprehension both in Arabic and English that was doe by Alsheikh and Mokhtari (2011). The study indicates serious implications for teaching and assessment on academic institutions since the researchers established that participants were more concerned with strategies than end products. Therefore, the study further reinforces the process theory that st rategy or mechanisms employed in teaching writing determines the quality of end-product. Finally, genre theory approach was proposed in an attempt to provide mechanisms to promote successful learning of ESP in the academic arena especially in writing. According to Badger and White (2000), this approach largely deals with studying the social context in which writing materials are produced. Generally, this theory considers the communicative events where written materials are produced. In the academic context, the process whereby a lecturer interacts with his/her students in the process of teaching is considered to be relevant while teaching writing skills in target language. Flowerdew and Peacock (2001) also explained that in this context, students are free to choose their own topic and write on them, while ensuring that their written texts fulfill the intended communicative purpose. Concurrently, Flowerdew and Peacock (2001) perceive this approach as the most significant due to its d ynamic nature as well as varied characteristics across disciplines, time and instructors. However, the approach might not be successful since it requires collaboration between lecturers and students, a situation which may sometimes be unattainable. In this case, the teacher assumes an authoritative position as he/she guides learners towards an elevated performance level of ESP (Paltridge, 2001). References Alsheikh, N.O. Mokhtari, K. (2011). An Examination of the Metacognitive Reading Strategies Used by Native Speakers of Arabic When Reading in English and Arabic. English Language Teaching, 4(2), 151-161. Bacha, N.N. (2002). Developing Learners’ Academic Writing Skills in Higher Education: A Study for Educational Reform. Language and Education, 16(3): 161-178. Bacha, N.N., Bahous, R. (2008). Contrasting views of business students’ writing needs in an EFL environment. English for Specific Purposes 27, 74-93. Badger, R. G. White. (2000). A process-genre approach to te aching writing. ELT Journal 54(2), 153-160. Fender, M. 2008. Spelling knowledge and reading development: Insights from Arab ESL learners, Reading in a foreign language, 20(2), 19-26. Flowerdew, J. Peacock, M. (Eds.) (2001). Research Perspectives on English for Academic Purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gillett, A Wray, L. (2006). ‘EAP and Success in Assessing the Effectiveness of EAP Programmes, BALEAP. Gilmore, A. (2009). Using online corpora to develop students’ writing skills. ELT Journal, 63(4), 363-372. Hisham, D. (2008). Needs Analysis of Arab graduate students in the area of EAP: A case study of the ICT program at UUM. Unpublished minor thesis. Sintok: University Utara Malaysia Press. Huang, J. (2008).How Accurate are ESL students holistic writing scores on large-scale assessments? A generalizability theory approach. Assessing Writing, 13(3), 201- 218. Hyland, K. (2003). Genre-based pedagogies: A social response to process. Journal of Second Lan guage Writing, 12: 17-29. Ismail, S. A. A. (2011). Exploring Students’ Perceptions of ESL Writing. English Language Teaching, 4(2): 73-84. Jdetawy, L. F. A. (2011). Problems encountered by Arab EFL learners. Language in India, 11(3), 19-28. Kobayash, H. Rinnert, C. (2002). High school perceptions of first language literacy instruction: Implications for second language writing. Journal of Second Language Writing, 11(2), 91-116 Paltridge, B. (2001). Genre, text type and the English for Academic Purposes (EAP) classroom. In A. M. Johns (Ed.), Genre in the Classroom. Mahwah: Erlbaum. Puvenesvary, M. (2003). A comparative study of the criteria employed by academics and workplace professionals in evaluating business correspondence. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy, Thesis, Department of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Rabab’ah, G. (2003). Communicating Problems Facing Arab Learners of English. Journal of Language and L earning 3(1), 180-197. Savas, B. (2009). Role of Functional Academic Literacy In ESP teaching: ESP Teacher Training in Turkey for sustainable development. Journal of International Social research, 2(9), 396-408. Umair, N. (2011). Problems of Multi-ability Academic English Writing Classes in Arab Countries. Arab World English Journal, 2(2), 230-242.

How Globalization Has Affected Americans

How Globalization Has Affected Americans Globalization can be defined as increased unification of economic order at the international level through reduction of the several of blockades to international trade such as exportation cost, import rations and levy. Globalization is mainly intended at to raising goods, services and material wealth through division of labour in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Globalization Has Affected Americans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The attainment of this important component of trade is accelerated by specialization, good international relations and competition. Globalization generally describes the procedure by which local society’s customs and economies amalgamate through trade, communication and transportation. Globalization can be determined by a mishmash of political, technological, economic, biological and socio-cultural factors. It entails multinational exchange of ideas, trendy cultures and languages through assimilation. Factors that led to globalization include increased mass movement and migration, technologies in transportation, increased economic movement, combinations of industries and international concords.A world or state that has undergone the process can be alleged to have been globalized. Globalization has greatly impacted the world today, its effect can be felt everywhere in politics, economics, finance, language, ecology, culture, religion, technology, industry and information. Contemporary Globalization Contemporary analysts correlate globalization with deterritorialization. This is whereby social activities continue to grow irrespective of geographical position of the participants. To draw this conclusion, these analysts used computers and other telecommunication technologies and examined global events. These kinds of events occur almost everywhere and anywhere in the world. They therefore defined contemporary globalization as increased possible action s among people living in different longitudinal and latitudinal location. The distance does not affect social activities that take place in the location.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Deterritorialization exists or manifests itself in businesses that people do in different continents with the help of electronic commerce. For example, television enables people in different parts of the world to observe how terrible wars waged far away from their homes impact the world. Moreover increased technology inventions enable people to hold seminars by use of video conferencing apparatus whereby those involved are located in different geographical positions. The internet also enables people to instantaneously communicate with each other despite the long distance that separates the two. By examining the current interconnectedness of social growth which has surpassed the poli tical and geographical limits recent theorists have able been to put globalization into a clear perspective. According to their views, globalization majorly concerns the way in which distant forces and events impact regional and local endeavours (Vallas, Finlay Wharton, 188). An encyclopaedia is an example of detteritorialized social space given that it permits exchange of ideas. The book can be used by other students in different geographical areas to access the same knowledge and ideas in a particular topic. Therefore, contemporary globalization can be defined as processes which have an impact on life in local institution as a result of environmental events and decisions. This means that any social activity can influence more or less events in different geographical location. The impact and the degree of activities taking place may also vary; environmental events can either have a huge impact or less impact on different events in particular areas. This means that the degree of in terconnectedness across different frontiers can be easily predicted and regulated (Vallas, Finlay, Wharton, 190). Contemporary globalization involves social acceleration. Interconnectedness and deterritorialization is directly tied to social acceleration. For social activities in different areas to develop and reach other frontiers, the ideas must move swiftly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Globalization Has Affected Americans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will also be aided by the flow of information, capital and goods and migration of people. Without swift flow, it will be difficult to view how people are influenced by different distant affairs. High-speed technology has greatly contributed in increasing the velocity of different human events and affairs. This means that globalization is mainly a matter of extent. Most analysts conceive globalization as a long term process. This is because it is com posed of present history and present world. Globalization has led to innovations in information technology, communication and transportation. Many problems experienced in globalization are directly associated with the surfacing of technologies that are of high-speed. They lessen the magnitude of distance and boost social interconnectedness and deterritorialization. Lastly, contemporary globalization can be conceived also as a multi-pronged process. This is because social interconnectedness, social acceleration and deterritorialization can be visualized through diverse economical, cultural and political grounds of social actions. How Globalization has affected Americans Many Americans feel that globalization has both positive and negative impacts on them. Even majority of Americans view globalization as a result of positive economy, they are less positive when it comes to American jobs, business environment and living standards in general. Americans began feeling the pain of globaliz ation as early as 1980. Many people lost their jobs when most companies decided to outsource to other foreign countries. This is why most American families and communities do not embrace global market. They see it as a threat to their lives. Many American workers were greatly hit when American steel industry went global. All the steel mills in small towns were shut done which destroyed both the American economy and the living standards of those living in the regions (Vallas, Finlay, Wharton, 198). This shows that there is no benefit felt by the Americans when many companies decide to go global. Most Americans believe that outsourcing is a way in which corporations take advantage of under developed countries and the people living in the regions in order to gain profit. Most of these under developed countries greatly depend on American market. However the American economy is now under a great risk of collapse due to globalization. This is because America has lost its manufacturers to the global world and in case of economic crisis; the country will have nothing to rely on.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Without manufacturers, America is not capable of producing goods hence American workers lose their jobs due shutdown of these manufacturing companies. Moreover globalization has a negative impact on United State’s wages for workers. This is due to job losses in the country which lead to trade deficits in most goods and services. Globalization leads to shifting of jobs which induce negative effects on trade and on average wages of the American workers. This is because importation of goods reduces jobs and it requires less education to do export. This cannot be compared to exports which increase job opportunities for the Americans and also requires high education for one to be employed. Moreover globalization leads to foreign investment which negatively affects the average wages of workers in America and American families at large. Foreign investment deteriorates the supremacy of United States workers which lowers the price of the wages they are being paid as they are considere d worthless. High level of education and highly skilled labour are required to carry out foreign investment. More workforces are directed towards foreign affiliates leaving United States with fewer jobs making more people jobless. Globalization also impacts government policies which in-turn affects United States families and communities. The government of America was forced to adopt economic policies that are contractionary to protect its global capital market. (Vallas, Finlay Wharton, 200). The government cannot inflict corporate taxes because it wants to preserve competition and inflate investments in commerce. The government is forced to decrease the amount spent on social welfare due to limitations of taxation and spending leading to poor welfare benefits to many families. Global market pressure can also force the government to control United State’s products and labour bazaar leading to job cuts and consequently poor living standards. However, globalization can have som e positive impacts in America to some extent. McKinsey which is a global institute believes that globalization has positive impacts on the lives of Americans. Globalization renders United States industries to high competition in the global world which promote productivity. Many countries believe that United States products are of high quality. They therefore purchase those products through online trading especially those who cannot reach the shops in America due to long distance. This increases sales for American companies and hence more employment opportunities for many Americans. Moreover many American families and communities gain by getting high quality goods and services. In conclusion, globalization has positively and negatively affected Americans. Many American workers have lost their jobs and have experienced a reduction in wages. However many jobs have also been created in the process in other sectors of the economy. The government has come up with policies aimed at protect ing the Americans from the effects of globalization at the same time promoting it. Vallas, Steven, Finlay, William, Wharton Amy. Sociology of work: Structures and Inequalities. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Highschool Grade Guides

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Discuss the logics, illogics, meanings, function, or non functions of Essay

Discuss the logics, illogics, meanings, function, or non functions of war from an anthropological viewpoint - Essay Example The matters of anthropological discussion are the individual motivations, socio-cultural purposes, biological predispositions, and causal significance manifest in warfare (Peter, Ember and Human Relations Area Files 415). For example, in Yanomani territory, there lived uncontested Yanomani known as Moxateteu that had the highest population of illegal gold miners. The gold miners, who were illegally working in yanomani, transmitted deadly diseases such as malaria and caused pollution in forests and rivers with mercury. Ecological models illustrated that war had a constructive feedback for smaller scale communities by exercising a hidden role in intervening relationships with the surrounding. However, warfare was ethnographically considered to maintain a space between settlements and therefore, prevented the degradation of the resources. Lastly, the models of socio culture developed the fact that some social organization encouraged people to war as illustrated by (Lockard 944). The opp osed constitution clan and linage groupings were practiced to create perennial tensions that might result into war. Nevertheless, the inadequacies of such models become very clear when clarifying the meanings and motivations that warriors gave to their acts.

Reality and Fantasy of Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms Research Paper

Reality and Fantasy of Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms - Research Paper Example While some have concluded her character as an embodiment of an adolescent male fantasy† (Hatten, 76; Lockridge, 170), others have used her recovery to make a case for her realistic character. Catherine had just opted to give her services in the war as a volunteer 8 years after her engagement with her fiance, who was also fighting in the war. However, amidst the World War II, her fiance dies and gradually Catherine gets involved in a romantic relationship with Fredric. Although Catherine presents a very submissive and self-abnegating character, I want to explore her character to argue for its realism. For decades, Catherine’s character has been a complex and problematic one, drawing diverse set of interpretations by various scholars. Catherine is looked upon as a character far from reality and a figure essentially inspired by male fantasy of an ideal lover. Both Catherine and Frederic present a commonality in their evaluation of the Italians as they both feel negative of them. Catherine and Frederic meet in Italy where Frederic is serving as a volunteer ambulance driver for the Red Cross in Italy while Catherine is a volunteer Red Cross nurse. At several instances, Frederic hints at his lack of motivation for entering the Italian army, saying that he was a â€Å"fool† (Hemingway, 109) thereby implying a false sense of drive for soldering (Mandel, 61). On another occasion, Catherine tells Frederic how she only joined the services and moved to Italy out of support for her late fiance but later, as the story progresses, her motivation to help the wounded men is evident out of her humanitarian motivations. Catherine presents a very strong character of a woman who working for the soldiers in a world order which is chaotic. A World War is going on and Catherine is serving in Italy although her initial motivations for coming are not present

Is pluralism of philosophical assumptions in managment research a Essay

Is pluralism of philosophical assumptions in managment research a cause for concern or celebration Explain your answer and disc - Essay Example This report is a discussion about management research, about its techniques and practices mostly adapted by managerial researchers. The objective here is to find the relationship between pluralism and management research, which is one philosophical approach adapted in most of the managerial researches. The aim is to test the argument that whether â€Å"pluralism is a cause of concern or celebration in the practice of management research, as one effectively adapted approach in the practice†. What is Management Research? Management research can be defined as a practice, which managers adapt to acquire knowledge and information. This practice is to meet the requirements set by managers, which are mostly of acquiring knowledge that is most needed in a particular organization (Brooks, 2002). It can be intellectual knowledge, knowledge related to managers’ skills, or knowledge to grow organization’s equity, which managers generally acquire by means of management resear ch. Moreover, managers conduct management research to understand the internal functions, operations, and structure of a particular organization. ... Philosophical Assumptions of Pluralism in Management Research According to the contemporary literature, pluralism is a philosophical school of thought that is composed of four different elements - diversity, understanding, commitment and dialogue. These elements are basically philosophical assumptions of pluralism, which describes pluralism as a state of multiplicity (Werner, 2002). Multiplicity of thoughts, of ideas, rationales, and decisions all come in the pluralist school of thought. Generally when managers adapt pluralism in management research, they are inevitably engaged with diversity and multiplicity (Werner, 2002). Accepting diversity as a culture in pluralism, managers have to be tolerant and have to show patience to go across the lines to build understanding in their relationships. Understanding and commitment are two essential features of pluralism, and are most challenging to managers as they test the leadership, the gratitude and personality qualities of managers durin g management research (Johnson & Duberley, 2000). Pluralism motivates managers on collective decision-making and for which managers have to bring a cross-integral dialogue with their peers to bring collective decisions. Collective opinions and views are of major importance in pluralism (Pettigrew, 2001). Encounter of commitments have to be shown by managers on their decisions, as strong commitment is one rule and a promise in pluralism. Actually, it is test of collective wisdom which pluralism sets out for all managers involved in a management research activity (Sheffield, 2009). At the initial level, all managers find pluralism a difficult approach to adopt in management research, but when fruits of

The Internet and the music industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Internet and the music industry - Essay Example Copyright is one of the categories of intellectual property that ensures exclusive rights to the creator of a particular piece of work which can be a publication, a distribution or an adaptation for a particular period of time in preparation to the entry of the said work in the public domain. It refers to creations of the mind that can be creative, scientific, artistic or intellectual in form which is an original idea of the creator (World Intellectual Property Organization, 2009b). One of the most important forms of media covered by the copyright law is the music which can be in the form of musical compositions and audio recordings. The research undertaken targets the presentation of the different issues, problems and controversies that can violate the copyright law. There are different ways that can violate the copyright law in relation to music. One is piracy and the other is the prohibited sharing through the internet. The main goal of the research is the piracy of music through the internet. Internet, being an agent of data sharing and recognized as information superhighway can be considered to surpass the limits of the laws that covers other areas specifically in terms of copyright. This can be attributed to the fact that the said technological advancement cannot be hindered by distance or territorial demarcations (Lehman, 1995; Silverthorne, 2004).

Journal Response to Cry, the Beloved Country Chapters 10-17 Article

Journal Response to Cry, the Beloved Country Chapters 10-17 - Article Example He is intimidated by the way of life in the city. Compared to the Kumalo, Msimangu understands better the evils that have bedeviled Johannesburg. However, instead of complaining, he is a mouthpiece for solutions and change. According to Msimangu, the white minority oppress the black community for fear of their power and not of their weakness. For Msisimangu, only love can overcome the fear of domination. Though the relationship between Kumalus and Msimangu is shaky in the beginning, they embrace Msimangus ideas and understand the meaning of love. Kumalo is so bitter with the situation at Ezenzelini that he says that the world is full of fear and despair. However, it is the encouragement he gets from Msimangu that reignite his hope of a better tomorrow. Msimangu encourages Kumalo, and this narrows down their differences (Paton 17). The chapter is sorrowful given that Kumalo learns of the troubled son. Moreover, the situation affects Kumalo to much he says that even fire cannot make him

Is pluralism of philosophical assumptions in managment research a Essay

Is pluralism of philosophical assumptions in managment research a cause for concern or celebration Explain your answer and disc - Essay Example This report is a discussion about management research, about its techniques and practices mostly adapted by managerial researchers. The objective here is to find the relationship between pluralism and management research, which is one philosophical approach adapted in most of the managerial researches. The aim is to test the argument that whether â€Å"pluralism is a cause of concern or celebration in the practice of management research, as one effectively adapted approach in the practice†. What is Management Research? Management research can be defined as a practice, which managers adapt to acquire knowledge and information. This practice is to meet the requirements set by managers, which are mostly of acquiring knowledge that is most needed in a particular organization (Brooks, 2002). It can be intellectual knowledge, knowledge related to managers’ skills, or knowledge to grow organization’s equity, which managers generally acquire by means of management resear ch. Moreover, managers conduct management research to understand the internal functions, operations, and structure of a particular organization. ... Philosophical Assumptions of Pluralism in Management Research According to the contemporary literature, pluralism is a philosophical school of thought that is composed of four different elements - diversity, understanding, commitment and dialogue. These elements are basically philosophical assumptions of pluralism, which describes pluralism as a state of multiplicity (Werner, 2002). Multiplicity of thoughts, of ideas, rationales, and decisions all come in the pluralist school of thought. Generally when managers adapt pluralism in management research, they are inevitably engaged with diversity and multiplicity (Werner, 2002). Accepting diversity as a culture in pluralism, managers have to be tolerant and have to show patience to go across the lines to build understanding in their relationships. Understanding and commitment are two essential features of pluralism, and are most challenging to managers as they test the leadership, the gratitude and personality qualities of managers durin g management research (Johnson & Duberley, 2000). Pluralism motivates managers on collective decision-making and for which managers have to bring a cross-integral dialogue with their peers to bring collective decisions. Collective opinions and views are of major importance in pluralism (Pettigrew, 2001). Encounter of commitments have to be shown by managers on their decisions, as strong commitment is one rule and a promise in pluralism. Actually, it is test of collective wisdom which pluralism sets out for all managers involved in a management research activity (Sheffield, 2009). At the initial level, all managers find pluralism a difficult approach to adopt in management research, but when fruits of

Journal Response to Cry, the Beloved Country Chapters 10-17 Article

Journal Response to Cry, the Beloved Country Chapters 10-17 - Article Example He is intimidated by the way of life in the city. Compared to the Kumalo, Msimangu understands better the evils that have bedeviled Johannesburg. However, instead of complaining, he is a mouthpiece for solutions and change. According to Msimangu, the white minority oppress the black community for fear of their power and not of their weakness. For Msisimangu, only love can overcome the fear of domination. Though the relationship between Kumalus and Msimangu is shaky in the beginning, they embrace Msimangus ideas and understand the meaning of love. Kumalo is so bitter with the situation at Ezenzelini that he says that the world is full of fear and despair. However, it is the encouragement he gets from Msimangu that reignite his hope of a better tomorrow. Msimangu encourages Kumalo, and this narrows down their differences (Paton 17). The chapter is sorrowful given that Kumalo learns of the troubled son. Moreover, the situation affects Kumalo to much he says that even fire cannot make him

Multicultural Britain Essay Example for Free

Multicultural Britain Essay My task is to explain why people chose to immigrate to Britain, with reference to the period 1880 to the present day. Britain has been Multicultural for hundreds of years. There are the diverse cultures and languages of the people of Scotland, Wales, Ireland and England. Britains links with the commonwealth countries of the Caribbean, Anglophone Africa, Cyprus, Australia, New Zealand and the Indian subcontinent were established through trade and subsequent conquest and colonization. Around five per cent of Britains present population are from ethnic minorities. Multicultural can be a controversial term, associated with various ideas about racial and cultural identities, cultural, diversity and difference, and policies and practices in schools and local government authorities. Since ancient times people have been moving to Britain and settling there. These immigrants have all made a change to Britain as a whole. There are many reasons for immigration, some of which being wars, famine, draught, economic changes, lack of facilities, religious restraints, prejudice, discrimination or even as refugees. Since the seventeenth century Jews had lived in Britain and had soon become a vital part of British life, including the social, political and economic life of Britain. Throughout the nineteenth century a minority of Jews continued to migrate to Britain, with many Jews even being born there. However after the welcoming of 1880, the minority of Jews already living there (Anglo-Jewish) experienced a sudden flood of Jews into Britain. In 1881 the Russian Jews were held responsible for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II. Many Jews now became certain that it was time to leave and start a new life in a Western country. Many moved to Britain knowingly there was already a secure successful community of Jews there. The Jewish immigrants were condemned by some English Jews whilst others welcomed them with open arms. On the other hand the English people blamed the Jews for the overcrowding in Britain and also for making it difficult to look for jobs and work. The Jews settled in the large cities of London, Leeds and Manchester. These cities had a large population of Jews who were hoped to be supported by the Russian Jews, there was also a great opportunity of work here. However the Jews had to live in the poorer, overcrowding areas of these cities. Despite the overcrowding and poor living conditions, the house rent was high due to the shortage of housing. The rent along with lack of jobs and living conditions were all causes of racism and injustice against the Jews. However most Jews lived in the poorer areas, as this was all they could afford. Some wealthy Jews took action and built blocks of flats. Due to the immigration of the Jews, before 1881 British inhabitants expanded at a rate of 4% per year, after 1881 the population increased 10% every year. However the Jews that had come all settled in the East end, thus making this area concentrated with the number of Jews. This worried some of the Anglo-Jewish community for many reasons. It made the Jews very visible; the Jewish people already living in England were disturbed regarding the influence that so many Jews would have on the good interaction built up by the Jews already living in England with the English people. The Jews were already very different in their traditions, etiquettes and political affairs than that of the British Jews. Soon the Jews became news. The type of work the Jews chose to do in tailoring and footwear they chose to do it with Jews who could speak Yiddish (a Jewish language), and who understood their religious needs. The work they chose relied on their existing skills or involved skills that could be learned quickly and had a number of simple recurring procedures. All the work could be done in small grounds, such as houses, cellars e.t.c. The work was done by a small number of people. The situation in such work areas was objectionable. Work hours could also be varied according to the religious calendar. The Jews entered England at a time of rising redundancy and therefore were held responsible by the legislator of challenging with the English taking into account the few jobs which were obtainable. The idea of the immigrant Jews and sweating (the practice of overworking and underpaying workers in cramped, ill-lit and unhealthy conditions), became associated in the minds of many English people. The people of England had many views of the Jews. A negative impression of the Jewish immigrants is that they caused overcrowding, working in unhygienic conditions and breathing an atmosphere of wool particles containing dangerous dyes. The flush was also so outlandish to the laypeople that they had not yet learnt how to pull the chain so as to wash out and clear the toilet. However a positive impression is gained by other inhabitants that they soon became successful and praised them of their intelligence. Most British people commiserated with the Jews but because of the numbers and celebrity of Russian Jewish immigrants, the attitude of people to the Jewish immigrants began to revolutionize. The alien question, soon became the subject in the British politics. The Alien question was of three parts being that some individuals sensed that a law was essential to determine who could colonize in Britain, The aliens became a factor to the sweating matter, and some also reasoned that it was the aliens who pushed up the rents of houses. Soon later a pressure group, the British Brothers league was structured, which was to confine alien immigrants. With all these pressures the Conservative Government allotted a Royal Commission on Alien immigration. A new law was soon primed on the Royal Commissions work. The Bill of 1904 would eliminate as undesirable, persons of extremely bad character, or without perceptible means of support or likely to become a public charge. However the shipping companies who transported the immigrants also promoted the Government to gain their support and the liberals also strongly opposed this bill being passed. Due to such opposition the bill was withdrawn. However the Conservatives that the new law would promote voters especially at a time when the next general election was in a years time, so the Aliens Bill was put back into the Parliament in 1905, and this time the Liberals also never stood in its way as they knew a new law be popular. On 10 August 1905 the bill became law, however if the immigrant is seeking admission to avoid prosecution or punishment on religious or political grounds, permission to enter shall not be refused on the ground that he does not have enough money or will be a burden on others. An extract from the Aliens Act (1905) The conservatives lost the election in 1906, and so the Liberal Home Secretaries operated the law. To start with many immigrants were sent back as they failed to state things which would grant them entry, therefore the number of Jews coming to Britain fell until 1909. However after 1909 the figure of immigrants returned back to the normal figure of 5000 a year. Many Jews welcomed the act or refused to condemn it. The Jews who had just immigrated t6o the East End of London reacted in much the same way as they feared overcrowding and competition of work. The Anglo-Jewish community had stated that the Jews settling in one place would bring attention to their dress, language and manner. They also warned that in fifteen years time the progeny of todays refugees would be the great bulk of Englands population, and therefore bring shame to the community. To deal with this prospect the education of the children of the Immigrated Jews was encouraged. The leaders of the Jewish community were very anxious and supportive in the fist world war. In the last ten years of the nineteenth century a new movement was put into action called Zionism, this was in favour to gain a Jewish homeland. The favoured place for this was in the ancestral Jewish home, Palestine. However the Anglo-Jewish community opposed the idea of a homeland as they never wanted all their relationships with the British to be gone down the drain. They wanted to be seen as a community loyal to the British and religious not as a people without a homeland. In 1917 the British army invaded Palestine which was then under Turkish rule. The British government issued a statement that broadly supported the creation of a homeland. At t6he same time the British issued another statement which promised the Arabs inde3pendence from the Turks. This was to win the support of the Jews in America and to involve America in the war. Empty promises were also made to the Arabs to involve them in the war too on Britains side. From 1914, the anti-German hysteria that swept the country did not distinguish between Jew and German. Criticism to the Jewish immigrants centred on how many of the new immigrants joined up to fight. The Anglo-Jewish wanted to fight for their new country. Press reports of Russian Jews moving from London to the countryside to avoid the Zeppelin raids added to prejudice towards the Jews. The Balfour Declaration brought attention to Zionism in Britain which made people believe that the Jews were ungrateful to their adapted country Britain. The Russian Revolution also helped form the views of the British against the Jewish immigrants and were portrayed by the newspaper as communists. The Aliens Restrictions Act was passed in 1914 which as a result had a huge influence on Jewish immigrants. Zionism was too now weakened whilst prejudice against the Jews increased. Using the powers of 1919 almost all the poor working-class immigrants went to decline. In the 1920s many Jews had now gained a higher position within the British society and were a more prosperous community. Due to this prosperity the Jews now started to move out of the East end of London. As Britain saw the beginning of the Depression years one Labour Politician was Sir Oswald Mosley. He resigned from Labour in 1930 as many of his ideas of how to solve the problem of unemployment were rejected. He set up his own new party in 1931 known as the New Party. Mosley, in 1932 created the British Union Fascists (BUF). Mosley saw the socialists and the communists as a danger. Mosley also enjoyed support from the Daily Mirror owner, Lord Rothermere, through which he made sure that it reported favourably of the BUF. In the beginning the BUF were not anti-Semitic, but later in 1934 the BUF policy changed and now Jewish people were no longer allowed to be members of the BUF. Throughout the year 1934 Jewish people were attacked and provoked. The Jews were all advised not to do anything against the law thus not to be seen as lawbreakers. On 4 October 1936 the BUF planned a march through the East End of London and planned to listen to Mosley speak at intervals. Jewish Trade Unionists and communists arranged a blockade to the march with barricades. As a result the BUF had to abandon the march from the Tower of London to Victoria Park in Hackney. Immediately after the event of Cable Street, support for the BUF grew. However in the long term the BUF were in decline. Mosleys attempts to try and stir up violence towards the Jews were much criticised. The Government tried to stop this by passing the Incitement to Disaffection Act in November 1934 and a new public Order Act in 1936 which affected the holding of marches. However the BUF did not win any local or general election seats and as a result Mosley was imprisoned from 1940 to 1943. The event of Cable Street showed that there were divisions among the Jews themselves as thousands of working-class Jews rejected the calls of their leaders to stay off the streets. This event also proved that extreme parties were also a threat to law and order, and as a result was acted quickly to in order to stop their influence. In 1945 when the Second World War ended, Europe had changed. Millions of people had lost their homes etc. Towns and cities were devastated. Countries in Eastern Europe were taken over by the communist government with very different ideas about equality and freedom to those governments in the West. Many people in Eastern Europe did not want to live under a communist government. As a result of these wars millions of people became refugees. Many people were already in Britain when the war ended. After Hitler invaded Poland many Poles left Poland and many came to Britain, and some came to Britain only to fight against Germany. When Poland became communist in 1945, many of the Poles decided to stay in Britain. Some of the refugees from Europe came to Britain in search of a new life and were welcomed by the British as Britain needed to be re-built after the devastation of the war. Large numbers of workers were needed especially in mining, engineering, agriculture, transport and building. This was due to many British men and women being killed, injured etc. During the war many women were encouraged to work but after were encouraged to stay at home. This meant that more workers were needed to replace them. Britain was made worse by many British people moving to the Old Common Wealth countries. During the Second World War the British Empire was very important in the war, as these people had raw materials, people industries etc. After the Second World War, these people from British colonies were encouraged to come to settle in Britain. This was because Britains post war labour shortage could not be solved by refugees alone. British companies advertised in the New Commonwealth Countries for workers. All citizens of the British colonies were given the right to settle in Britain. Almost one quarter of the worlds population was allowed to settle in Britain due to its great empire. In 1948 the British Nationality Act was passed which gave citizens of the British colonies and of the commonwealth equal rights of citizenship in Britain as those people who had been born and bread in Britain. After the second World War many Caribbeans emigrated to Britain. This was partly because they had fought for this country and others were just curious to see the land they had fought for. At first immigration from the Caribbean to Britain was slow but soon after a hurricane in Jamaica in 1951 immigration increased. Another cause of the rise in immigration was that the USA had set strict rules on immigration from the Caribbean and so people who wanted to migrate had to look for other options of where to migrate to. Many people who lived in cities were well paid and did not want to do jobs like cleaning etc and so immigrants from the colonies were encouraged to do this type of work. Many West Indians were welcomed as nurses and the Caribbeans settled in Britain and so the later arrivals were mainly wives, children and parents of those people who had settled in Britain. Britain was portrayed to these people who migrated to Britain as being the mother-country, kind, caring and powerful. Upon migrating, many of these people were surprised to see the amount of filth and dirt in Britain. Britain was not as wealthy as they had expected. However people who had come to Britain to fight in the Second World War were welcomed warm heartedly, but on the other hand when these people returned to Britain due to labour shortages, the treatment they received was completely contradictory to what they had received at the Second World War. When Queen Victoria came to throne, Britain had the smallest empire with the least territory. Queen Victorias death however, left behind a greater territory approximately ruling 500 million people. British ideas were of being superior to any other race, thus inferior. Britain used adverts to target many people and to spread its ideas of unity and loyalty to the people of Britain. Between 1945 and 1968, important changes were made to who had the right of citizenship in Britain. The rights of citizenship had been restricted by 1968. The changes happened partly because of racist attitudes and partly due to changing economic changes. Since the Second World War the pattern of migration into and out of Britain has changed. This has been due to changes in the law, wars, abuses of human rights, poverty, famine, and the formation of the European Union. Since 1990 the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in Britain have also changed and become a controversial political issue. There was less immigration after the Second World War of the British citizenships had been born in the colonies of commonwealth. The British Nationality Act and the immigration Laws made it difficult to enter Britain. However immigration from the European Union was allowed however immigration from poor undeveloped countries such as the Caribbean were not allowed to set work permits in Britain. Overtime people had come to Britain as refugees and also left in search of refuge such as the Jews. Nevertheless, people have migrated to Britain due top wars in their own countries leaving millions of people homeless, in search of jobs, famine in their homelands, in search of a better life, education, medication, for marriage purposes, persecution in their country and some have also come to Britain as refugees and even as asylum seekers. In conclusion, the reasons for the entry of millions of people into Britain during the years from 1880 to the recent day are extremely complicated, revolving around a complex of economic, political. Short term, underlying and personal push and pull factors. The immigration of any individual minority includes a set of factors peculiar to itself. In some cases, such as the mid-nineteenth century, Irish push factors played an overwhelming role, as the famine literally forced the people off the land. However the geographical proximity of Britain and the open door policy towards immigration played a fundamental role in attracting the Irish. The potato crop failed completely and one million Irish died of disease starvation. As a result about 200,000 people emigrated, about half of them to Britain. Between 1870 and 1914 over 200,000 Jewish people arrived in Britain. Most of these Jews lived in East London where living conditions were bad. It was easy for them to fin d work (for untrained people e.g. clothing and furniture) but were low paid and worked long hours. Yet many Jews visited the synagogue and were free to practice their religion. The entry of immigrants to Britain did not happen steadily but in waves. Some periods had more immigrants flooding into Britain than others. The media have recognised that Britain has become a multi society and presents some positive images of Blacks and Asians. People of Asian origin have become the most successful businessmen in Britain. In short, there have been both continuities and new developments in the history of immigrant minorities in Britain before and after 1945. Because of the more complete documentation after 1945, we can form a fuller picture of the contemporary situation. However, we can make the following assertions for the whole course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. First, Britain has witnessed for a complex of reasons, the constant entry of a wide variety of immigrants, who have played an important role in the development of the economy. Second, these groups have varied in size, social composition, and gender make-up, but they are part of British capitalist class society, not distinct from it. Finally, ethnicity has developed to a great extent, especially amongst larger minorities. However, as a different view, in conclusion, I also say that social scientists have found it very difficult to explain one of the most popular methods of explanation is to use a push pull model which distinguishes between the push of economic necessity in the migrants home society and the pull of opportunity from abroad. The difficulty with this approach is that it obscures the inherent complexity of population movements and, as some critics have pointed out, it often treats the subjects as if they were automatons reacting to forces beyond their control. Ceri Peach, in his study of West Indian migration to Britain (1968), warns against relying too much on push determinism. The movements he describes did not take place during periods of economic depression in the Caribbean and they were not correlated to high rates of population growth. Peach concludes that there is strong evidence for the view that (West Indian) migration was reacting not to internal conditions, but to a sing external stimulus namely the demand for labour in Britain (1968:93). This conclusion might be satisfactory if one wishes to leave the analysis of the highest levels of abstraction, but the migrants themselves rarely accept generalisations of this nature. Furthermore, other Historians have clearly demonstrated that it is impossible to categorise all of the relevant factors as either push or pull.